'A  IT  I* 


I  'In. 


U.S.  DEPARTMENT   OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUBl  \y  01    11  an  I    l\l>i  sti:v    areolar  No.  56. 
li    i    '.  ILLOWAY,  i  hid  "f  Bn 


AMERICAN  EXPORT  CORN  (MAIZE) 
IN  EUROPE. 


JOHN  1).  SHANAHAN, 
Chop  Technologist  is  Chargb, 

AM' 

CLYDE  E.  LEIGHTX  and  EM  IE  (',.  BOEKXEK. 
Assistants,  Grain  Standardization. 


"OS   :  GOVtRNWEST  pris'isg  OFFICE   \  1«I0 


DoffuM^- 


OSITORY 


o 

4. 


BUREAU  OF  PLANT  INDUSTRY. 


Chief  of  Bun  an,  BEVERLY  T.  Calloway. 
Assistant  Chief  of  Bureau,  G.  Harold  Powell. 
Editor,  J.  E.  Rockwell. 
Chief  Clerk,  James  E.  Jones. 


[Cir.  55] 
2 


ii  r  i 


AMERICAN   EXPORT  CORN  (MAIZE) 
IN  EUROPE. 


INTRODUCTION.. 
PRODI  i  I  l<>\     wi>    i:\i'i  >RT8    '  >r   CORN. 

Statistics  as  given  in  the  various  Yearbooks  of  the  Department  <>f 
riculture  show  thai  the  quantity  of  corn  (maize)  produced  in  the 
United  States  during  a  period  of  ten  years,  from  1898  <<>  1907,  inclu- 
.  was  23,092,986,802  bushels.  During  the  Bame  period  there 
were  shipped  out  of  the  counties  where  it  was  grown  1,733,298,990 
bushels,  or  20.5  per  rent  of  the  production,  the  remaining  "'.>.. ">  per 
cent  presumably  being  used  on  the  farm  or  in  the  counties  where  it 
w  as  grown. 

For  a  corresponding  period  of  ten  years  beginning  duly  l,  1898, 
and  ended  June  .'in,  1908,  the  domestic  exports  of  corn  (corn  meal 
not  included)  were  1,060,856,485  bushels,  or  1.6  per  cent  of  the 
production  and  22.4  per  cenl  of  the  quantity  shipped  out  of  the 
counties  where  grown,  the  quantity  shipped  out  of  the  producing 
counties  constituting  practically  the  whole  of  the  possible  commerce 
in  corn  of  the  1'nited  State-. 

I  UK    VALUE   ok    III  K    EXPORT   TRADE    in    <<u:n. 

Corn  i-.  in  number  of  bushels,  the  principal  grain  that  enters  into 

the  export  grain  trade  of  the  United  State-.  The  percentage  of  corn 
that  i-  exported,  while  hut-  a  small  proportion  of  the  total  production, 
is  in  point  of  the  percentages  of  the  possible  commerce  in  corn,  the 

QUmber  of  bushels  exported,  and  the  money  values  involved  jiii 
enormous  trade,  which  naturally  has  an  important  bearing  upon  the 
presenl  and  prospective  wealth  of  the  country.  The  prices  that  are 
obtainable  for  the  corn  exported  are  naturally  influenced  to  a  greal 
degree  by  the  quality  and  condition  of  the  corn  at  the  time  it  is  laid 
down  in  foreign  countries,  and  the  foreign  prices  obtainable  have  in 
turn  been  an  influential  factor  in  fixing  its  dome-tic  value-. 

i  i  BOPI  IH    OOMP1   \i\  i  - 

For  several  years  an  increasingly  large  number  of  more  or  less 
forcible  and  persistent  representations  were  made  to  the  Secretary 

of  Agriculture  and  other  officers  of  the  Federal  Government,  to  the 
effect  that  much  of  the  grain,  and  especially  the  corn,  that  was  being 
exported  from  the  United  State-  was  not  being  delivered  abroad  in  a 

[Or.  66]  3 


4  AMERICAN    EXPORT  CORN    ( MAIZE )    IN    EUROPE. 

satisfactory  condition,  that  it  was  not  of  the  quality  represented  by 
the  inspection  certificates  accompanying  the  shipments,  and  that 
material  injury  was  in  consequence  being  done  to  the  export  grain 
trade  of  the  United  States. 

INVESTIGATIONS    BEGUN. 

In  order  to  secure  definite  and  reliable  information  regarding  the 
condition  in  which  American  grain  was  arriving  in  European  countries, 
an  investigation  was  undertaken  by  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture.  As  most  of  the  dissatisfaction  seemed  to  arise  from 
shipments  of  corn,  special  attention  was  given  to  that  grain.  Under 
instructions  from  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Mr. 
Clyde  E.  Leigh ty,  one  of  the  writers  of  this  paper,  was  engaged  upon 
the  work  for  a  period  extending  from  January  22  to  June  30,  1906, 
during  which  time  he  visited  eight  of  the  more  important  European 
grain-receiving  ports  and  made  examinations  of  the  corn  in  thirty- 
two  ships  arriving  from  the  United  States. 

INVESTIGATIONS    CONTINUED. 

Continuing  the  investigations  in  order  to  secure  additional  data 
and  to  verify  that  already  obtained,  Mr.  Emil  G.  Boerner,  also  one  of 
the  writers,  was  engaged  upon  the  work  for  two  periods,  one  period 
extending  from  October  21,  1906,  to  June  15,  1907,  and  the  other 
extending  from  December  20,  1907,  to  October  30,  1908.  During 
the  first  period  88  corn-laden  ships  were  examined  at  22  European 
ports  and  during  the  second  period  53  ships  containing  corn  were 
examined  at  12  European  ports,  all  of  the  shipments  having  been 
made  from  the  various  Atlantic  and  Gulf  ports  of  the  United  States. 

EUROPEAN    CONDITIONS    STUDIED. 

Under  instructions  from  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  and  the  Chief 
of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  Mr.  John  D.  Shanahan,  in  immedi- 
ate charge  of  the  work,  was  engaged  during  August,  September,  and 
October,  1908,  in  reviewing  these  investigations  and  studying  grain- 
trade  conditions  in  Europe,  during  which  time  he  visited  practically 
all  of  the  important  European  grain-importing  countries  in  which 
American  grain  is  received  and  nearly  all  of  the  principal  grain  mar- 
kets and  grain-receiving  ports  in  those  countries. 

The  results  of  these  investigations  are  here  set  forth  in  a  serir 
tables  and  diagrams,  together  with  such  conclusions  as  could  be 
drawn  from  and  recommendations  that  were  suggested  by  the  work. 
It  is  believed  that  the  information  is  of  a  character  which,  if  placed 
before  the  grain  industry  of  the  United  States,  will  exert  an  influence 
toward  the  use  of  more  care  in  the  handling  and  shipping  of  corn  and 
toward  placing  our  export  grain  business  on  a  more  satisfactory  and 
profitable  basis. 

[Cir.  55] 


\\li  BICAN    BXP0R1    OOBM    (  M  UZ1  )   IN  1  UROP1  ,  •"» 

THE  RESULTS  OF  INVESTIGATIONS. 
BUMMAB1    01     CARGO    EXAMINATION. 

The  babies  and  diagrams  Bhowing  the  details  of  the  three  seasons' 
work,  collectively,  sho*  thai  a  total  of  15,077,987  bushels  of  corn, 
n,l  of  which  was  certificated  as  being  either  "No.  2  Coin."  'No. 
2  Corn,  Sail  Grade,"  or  "Prime  (Sail)  Mixed  Corn"  (grades  of  simi- 
lar  requirements  as  to  quality  and  condition)  al  the  different  exporl 
points  on  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts  of  the  United  States,  and  for- 
warded in  17.")  steamships,  were  examined  on  arrival  bI  the  various 
European  grain-receiving  ports;  Hint,  as  a  resull  of  careful  examina- 
tions and  estimates,  1 ,91 1 ,37  I  bushels,  or  12.7  per  cent,  of  thai  total 
quantit)  were  found  on  arrival  to  be  in  a  heating  <>r  hot  condition, 
Borne  portions  of  which  were  bo  badrj  damaged  a-  to  be  entirely  unfit 
for  feeding  purposes.  The  percentage  of  heating  and  hot  corn  varied 
in  the  <lilViT.Mii  cargoes  and  parcels,  100  per  cent  heating  or  hoi  being 
reached  in  a  total  of  eighl  cases  during  the  whole  of  the  three  seasons. 

1  aim   \\\ii<>\    OF   Mil.    TERMS    08ED    IN    TARLES. 

The  columns  headed  "  Date  of  loading"  in  the  tables,  excepl  \\  here 
other* ise  specified,  show  the  dates  Koine  on  the  certificates  of  inspec- 
tion accompanying  the  different  shipments,  and  are  consequently 
the  dates  when  the  loading  at  the  American  port  was  completed. 
The  columns  headed  "Days  in  boat"  represent,  in  most  cases,  the 
number  of  days  from  the  dale  of  loading  to  the  date  the  Bamples  were 
drawn  in  Europe  ai  the  time  the  cargo  was  being  discharged. 

The  percentages  of  Dirt  and  foreign  material"  in  each  case 
include  all  tin.  l\  broken  corn  particles  that  would  pass  through  a 
26-gauge  10  by  10  mesh  wire  sieve,  and  any  other  material  not  corn 
which  was  found  in  the  samples  as  drawn.  Great  care  was  exercised  to 
obtain  sample-  that  would  represent  the  correct  average  of  the  dirt 
and  foreign  matter  in  the  grain  being  sampled,  the  percentages  given 
being  determined  1>\  actual  separations  and  weighings.  All  of  the 
samples  drawn  from  the  cargoes  were  placed  immediately  in  air- 
tight containers  in  order  to  guard  against  any  change  in  their  moisture 
content  before  being  tested. 

r ACTORS  CONCERNING    WHICH    WO    [NFORMATIOM    WAS    w  AILARLE. 

Some  of  the  factors  concerning  which  no  data  were  available,  and 
which  no  doubl  have  their  own  peculiar  influence  on  the  condition  of 
corn  in  ocean  transit,  include  whether  or  not  fermentation  had  started 
in  the  corn  at  the  time  of  loading;  the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere 
and  the  temperature  of  the  <;raiu  at  the  time  of  loading;  the  char- 
acter and  condition  in  all  cases  of  other  freight  loaded  next  to  or  on 
top  of  the  grain;  the  treatment  to  which  the  grain  was  subjected 
[Or.  :.;.i 


6  AMERICAN    EXPORT   CORN    ( MAIZE )    IN   EUROPE. 

after  loading,  including  whether  or  not  t lie  ship's  batches  were  left 
uncovered  during  rainy,  foggy,  or  damp  weather;  and  the  tempera- 
tures encountered  by  the  ship  en  route  after  the  grain  was  loaded. 

AMERICAN  CORN  CERTIFICATED  AS  "NO.  2  CORN,"  "  NO.  2  CORN,  SAIL 
GRADE,"  OR  ''PRIME  (SAIL)  MIXED  CORN "  EXAMINED  IN  EUROPE 
DURING  FEBRUARY,  MARCH,  APRIL,  AND  MAY,   1906. 

Table  I  shows  in  detail  the  results  of  the  personal  examination  of 
thirty-four  cargoes  of  corn  upon  their  arrival  during  February,  March, 
April,  and  May,  1906,  at  eight  of  the  principal  European  grain-receiv- 
ing ports.  These  thirty-four  ships  carried  an  aggregate  of  4,354,681 
bushels  and  were  loaded  on  various  dates  between  December  28, 
1905,  and  May  15,  1906,  at  seven  of  the  principal  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
ports  of  the  United  States. 

Careful  examinations  and  estimates  of  the  corn  on  board  those 
ships  showed  that  526,192  bushels,  or  12.1  per  cent,  were  in  a  heating 
or  hot  condition,  100  per  cent  heating  or  hot  being  reached  in  two  cases. 
The  length  of  time  the  corn  was  in  the  vessels  varied  from  thirteen  to 
forty-nine  days.  The  percentages  of  dirt  and  foreign  material  varied 
from  0.3  of  1  per  cent  to  3.8  per  cent.  The  moisture  content  of  the 
cool  corn  varied  from  a  minimum  of  14.4  per  cent  to  a  maximum  of 
19.3  per  cent.  The  percentage  of  moisture  in  the  heating  corn,  where 
such  tests  were  made,  varied  from  13.8  to  21  per  cent. 

Table  I. — American  corn  certificated  as  "No.  2  Corn,'"  "No.  2  Corn,  Sail  Grade," 
or  "Prime  (Sail)  Mixed  Corn,"  examined  in  Europe  during  February,  March,  April, 
and  May,  1906,  showing  the  quantity  found  heating  or  hot,  etc. 


6 

Quantity 

Qnantil 

y  found 

1* 

a 
O 

examined. 

heating 

or  hot. 

m. 

Bushels. 

Bushels. 

Percent. 

i 

94,285 

6  3,600 

3.8 

2 

55, 714 

1,785 

3.2 

3 

111,429 

0 

.0 

4 

209,829 

el,785 

.9 

fi 

145,714 

d  1,785 

1.2 

6 

51,942 

e  40, 140 

77.3 

7 

85, 714 

(Slight.) 

.0 

8 

232,882 

c788 

.3 

9 

150,000 

e  17,865 

11.9 

10 

85, 714 

c4,810 

5.6 

11 

249, 963 

e  56, 000 

22.4 

12 

205,994 

c7, 140 

3.5 

13 

222,754 

<:2,500 

11.2 

14 

145,714 

60 

.0 

15 

166,415 

6  900 

.5 

16 

90,000 

/  90, 000 

100.0 

17 

43,085 

be  360 

.8 

18 

302,013 

(Slight.) 

.0 

19 

34,285 

0 

.0 

20 

176,209 

1,000 

.6 

21 

147,040 

6  c  2, 462 

1.7 

No 


1905. 

Dec.  28 

Dec.  29 

1906. 

Jan.  4 

Jan.  6 

Jan.  13 

Jan.  15 

Jan.  16 

Jan.  20 

Jan.  23 

Jan.  26 

Jan.  26 

Jan.  29 

Jan.  31 

Feb.  23 

Feb.  23 

Feb.  26 

Mar.  1 

Mar.  6 

Mar.  12 

Mar.  15 

Mar.  30 


Days   |    Dirt  and 
foreign 
boat.        matter. 


No. 


Moisture 
in  cool 
corn,  a 


.4 
1.0 
2.5 
2.2 

.9 
1.8 
2.2 
1.4 

.8 

.6 
1.8 
2.6 
3.2 
1.6 
3.8 
2.4 

.3 
2.4 
2.3 


Percent. 

16.0 
15.5 


14.4 
14.6 
16.7 
19.2 
16.6 
17.2 
18.2 
18.0 
17.9 
16.8 
17.9 
16.  8 
17.9 
17.5 
17.5 
17.5 
15.0 
17.9 
18.8 


a  Except  where  the  entire  cargo  was  heating  or  hot. 

6  Near  propeller-shaft  tunnel  only. 

c  Near  engine  or  boiler  room  bulkhead  only. 

d  Near  shifting  boards  in  one  hold. 

t  General,  but  worse  near  engine  and  boiler  room  bulkheads. 

/  In  all  places  of  stowage. 


Moisture 
in  heating 

corn. 


/'.'  r  ci  ill. 


13.8 


16.0 
18.8 


16.0 
18.7 

IS.  5 

ls.l 


18.3 


[Cir.  55] 


\Mi  BIC  \n    i  SCPOH  i    CORN    (MAIZE)    in    ii  ROP1  .  ' 

Tabu    I        I  \\ficated  as      Vo        Con  Vo  Vail  Grade' 

or  "  "        ■  in, ,n, d  in  l'.iiK,j„  during  Februw       1/ 

and  l/'/t/.  1906,  showing  On  quantity  found  heating  or  hoi   ■■■      I  ontii 


» 1 1. .  t 

Qn iniltj  round 

hi  ii  Ing  di  hoi 

pled, 

111 

Dili 

in  1 

in  1 

■  urn    1 

/■<  1 

17   1 

17  8 
18.3 
17  8 
16.8 

ITS 

Is.  7 
18.  1 

\ 

Iirj.  113 
103,314 

(811 

•<  14,300 
i  106,340 

1) 

/'<  I  ami, 

Ik  l) 

.11 

.11  0 

s  0 

K.i  0 
.11 

\ 

1 
1 
1 
1 

4 

2 

> 
1 

Apr,    1 

Apr.     I 
\|.r.      1 
Apr.      1 
Apr.     | 
Apr.     :. 
Apr.    ID 
Apr.    13 
\pr.    _'i 
Apr    27 
Apr.    28 
M  iv     |fi 

N 
.'1 
-'I 
.'1 
.11 

II 

is 

1  1 
1.1 

/Vr  cent. 

.7 
.9 
1    1 

I.S 
1.3 

ja 

17  B 

is    -. 

1      M 

13  1 

« 

■I  Except  whan  the  antlra  cargo  m  is  heating  or  hot 

1  engine  or  boiler  room  bulkhead,  and  n.-.ir  shifting  board*  in  one  hold 
'  General,  bill  worse  near  engine  and  boiler  riMim  bulkhi 
J  ai  top  of  some  holds,  hm  principally  near  engine  and  boiler  room  bulkhe 
proiM>ller-shari  tunnel 

Ine  or  boiler  room  bulkhead  only. 
t  Principally  In  upper  portions  of  grata  In  all  hold*. 
*  Examined  but  no  samples  secured. 
■  In  all  pi  ins  of  iton 

Figure  l  illustrates  the  data  contained  in  TaDle  I  and  shows  the 

strong  tendency  in  corn  to  "go  ou<  of  c lition"  and  heat  in  ocean 

transil  as  the  moisture  content  is  increased. 


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CARGO   A/OAffffR. 

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Vu..\     Diagram  showing  in  ehronolog&l  ocdat  I  .,  shipment,  the  monthi  durfau 

T  IV  ..I.Mh......  oicorn  found 

dnug«d  in  M  I  ,rri\  :il  In  BUTOpe  .luring  the  m 

[fir.  .v.] 


8 


AMERICAN    EXPORT    CORN     ( MAIZE )    IN    EUROPE. 


AMERICAN  COEN  CERTIFICATED  AS  "  NO.  2  CORN,"  "  NO.  2  CORN,  SAIL 
GRADE,"  OR  "PRIME  (SAIL)  MIXED  CORN,"  EXAMINED  IN  EUROPE 
FROM   NOVEMBER,   1906,  TO  MAY,    1907,   INCLUSIVE. 

Tabic  II  shows  in  detail  the  results  of  the  personal  examination 
of  eighty-eight  cargoes  of  corn  on  their  arrival  during  the  months 
from  November,  1906,  to  May,  1907,  inclusive,  at  the  principal 
European  grain-receiving  ports.  The  eighty-eight  cargoes  contained 
an  aggregate  of  0,598,351  bushels,  of  which  quantity  1,120,900  bush- 
els, or  17  per  cent,  were  found  to  be  in  a  heating  or  hot  condition. 
The  cargoes  were  loaded  at  the  different  Atlantic  and  Gulf  ports  in 
the  United  States  on  various  dates  from  October  17,  1906,  to  May  9, 
1907.  The  corn  in  forty-five  of  the  cargoes  arrived  cool  throughout. 
The  corn  in  forty-three  of  the  cargoes  was  found  to  be  more  or  less 
heating  or  hot,  100  per  cent  heating  or  hot  being  reached  in  five  car- 
goes aggregating  254,073  bushels. 

The  length  of  time  that  the  corn  was  in  the  vessels  varied  from  14 
to  58  days.  All  of  the  corn  which  was  in  the  vessels  under  16  days 
arrived  cool.  One  of  the  cargoes  examined  was  en  route  58  day-, 
with  60,000  bushels  of  corn  containing  14.4  per  cent  of  moisture,  but 
sustained  no  damage.  Another  cargo  carrying  17,142  bushels  of 
corn  containing  16.7  per  cent  of  moisture  was  en  route  56  days  and 
24.5  per  cent  of  the  cargo  was  found  to  be  heating  or  hot  on  arrival- 

The  moisture  content  of  the  cool  corn  examined  on  arrival  during 
the  period  varied  from  12  to  20.6  per  cent,  an  average  of  17.1  per 
cent.  Approximately  2,748,000  bushels,  or  50.2  per  cent,  of  the  cool 
corn-  contained  moisture  exceeding  18  per  cent.  The  dirt  and  for- 
eign material,  with  one  exception,  varied  from  0.2  of  1  per  cent  to 
4.5  per  cent.  In  one  cargo,  the  above  exception,  one  sample  analyzed 
62.5  per  cent  of  dirt  and  foreign  matter  but  was  representative  only 
of  a  considerable  quantity  of  corn  that  was  located  just  under  one  of 
the  hatches  of  one  of  the  ships. 

Table  II. — American  corn  certificated  as  "No.  2  Corn,"  "No.  2  Corn,  Sail  Grade," 
or"  Prime  (Sail)  Mixed  Corn"  examined  in  Europe  from  November,  1906,  to  May,  1907, 
inclusive,  showing  the  quantity  found  heating  or  hot,  etc. 


6 
to 
t~ 
eS 
O 

Quantity 
examined. 

Quantity  found  heat- 
ing or  hot. 

Holds 
occu- 
pied. 

Date  of 

loading. 

Days 

in 
boat. 

Dirt  and 
foreign 

matter. 

Moisture 
in  cool 
corn. a 

Moisture 
in  heat- 
ing corn. 

No. 
101 

Bushels. 
94, 281 
32, 214 
16,270 
34,285 
21,400 
42, 857 
38,920 
09.  2SS 
154, 285 
85,542 
35, 340 

Bushels. 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Per  cent. 
0.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 

No. 

4 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
4 
4 
2 

1906. 
Oct.     17 
Oct.      18 
6  Oct.    19 
i>Oct.    24 
fcOct.    29 
b  Nov.     1 
b  Nov.     7 
Nov.     12 
b  Nov.  14 
b  Nov.  22 
b  Nov.  21 

No. 

24 

54 

c20 

<"36 

c39 

c23 

<-24 

15 

'14 

cl9 

<M.-. 

Percent. 

0.7 
.6 

1.6 
.4 

4.5 
.7 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.fi 

1.0 

Per  cent. 
12.2 
12.6 
12.3 
12.5 
12.7 
14.1 
12.4 
12.0 
12.4 
14.4 
14.8 

Per  cent. 

102 

103 

104 

105 

106 

107 

108 

109 

110 

111 

«  Except  where  the  entire  cargo  was  heating  or  hot. 
b  Date  of  loading  given  is  the  sailing  date. 
c  Days  from  sailing  to  discharge. 


[Cir.  55] 


Wll  RICAN    EXPOB  I    CORN    I  M  \l/l  )    IN    M   BOPB. 


9 


Tabli   II        Imerican  cot  Own,"      '  Gradt  " 

or ''Prime  {Sail)  \fixed  Corn"  examined  in  Europe  fro  ,1906,  to  '•' 

inclusive,  thovnng  the  quantity  found  heating  or  /  ootinued. 


Qnao 

Ined. 

itltj  found 
bi  ittUgOI  hot. 

II.  .1.1. 

D  )teol 

loading. 

III 

Dirt  and 
foreign 

III  liter. 

In  OOOl 

iii  bi 

112 

Kuihrtl 

17. I)J 

17,142 

20,714 

71,345 
22,000 
10,2117 
21,000 

17,142 

77,142 

218,219 

108,785 

114,821 

10,353 

17,142 

41.001) 

- 

85,714 

25,714 

1 1 1 .  4> 

25,  71 1 
197,143 

l".7..tns 
25,714 
17,142 

1 
17.  142 

US,  SI  : 
1 1 1 .  428 

Buihtl>. 
0 
0 

n 

1,568 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 

II 

1 12,000 

<-  4 .  _•<  X) 

0 

tight. ) 

■  25,  720 

9  1 .  240 
'  111 

a 

■  511 

*  11. -'.no 

0 

0 

1300 

• 

» 18, 000 

»  .',  700 

0 

"Slight.' 

ii 

»•  17 

Mil,  428 

o 

II 

M7.'i 
C2.000 

r 20, ooo 

■ 

0 
n 

*  16,300 

n 
0 

*  12,000 
»  13,200 

0 

*  l<i.000 

l',r  . 

0.0 
.0 

-II 
.0 

10 

.1) 

.0 

■  I 
." 
a 

.0 
II    x 

a  n 

0 

.11 

.0 

.ii 

100.  II 

1.8 

.0 

12.3 

." 

.0 

t 

is  7 
I  B 
1   '■ 

.0 

.0 

.ii 
B   7 

1110.  0 
.0 

-    - 

28   l 
.0 
.1 

100.0 
.0 

.0 

U.o 

.0 

.0 

100.0 

15  l 

100  .i 

471.  1 

If 
1 
3 
1 

1 
2 
1 
■2 
1 
4 
1 
1 
1 
J 
1 

'-' 
2 
3 
2 
1 

.". 
4 

1 

3 
1 
1 
:i 
4 
2 
G 
5 
4 

1 

4 

.'. 
1 

1 
1 
4 

.". 
1 
1 

1 
3 

a 

4 

1 

190«. 

■■ 

i 

N 

1 

■ 
l>.v.      12 
D.v.      12 
Deo.     13 

{>••,-.       17 

•i  Deo.   17 
i  Deo.    18 

Deo.     28 
Dec     29 

Jan.        1 
Jan.       3 
Jan.       3 
Jan.       8 
Jan.       8 
Jan.       9 
Jan.      11 
Jan.      15 
Jan.      21 
Jan.      23 
Jan.      23 
Jan.      .'4 
Jan.      .'". 
Jan.      28 

Ket..     19 
reb.    23 

Feb.    26 

! 

Mar.     12 
Mir       11 
NUr       16 
Mar.      16 

Mar.    20 

m  ii    n 

Mar.    21 
Mar.    V. 

Mar.     IS 

Mar.    27 

'  M  .-    19 

17 

17 

IS 

33 

14 

'In 

(20 

#15 

„ 

... 
19 

17 

.17 

17 
38 

24 

IN 

In 
.11 
-'1 
.'I 
1 

27 

20 

•  29 

.'> 
30 

.•' 

:~t 
-•i 

41 
20 

/'.  t  . 

1 
1    n 

-  1 

1     ■• 
.6 
1.0 

1  -• 

.9 
1    1 
1   5 
1.3 

.1 
.7 
.9 

..! 

1 

.8 

1  2 

2  7 
1 

3.4 

2  j 

1  B 

t 
1  B 
-   i 

l   "■ 

- 

1   i 

1     ', 

..' 

.7 
1    4 

12  •■ 

II  . 
1 1  •' 

I  I    : 

II  1 

it  9 
i  i  B 
16    : 

18  1 
it   1 
15.  1 

I  1  6 

II  1 
14.9 
16.7 

lv  1 

IN     N 

11    0 

19  4 

18  .' 
16    l 
ig  o 
17.7 
16  B 

19  j 
18.8 

19   7 

16  7 

19  l 
19  5 

30  ii 
ig  >. 

|N    j 

19.9 

17.  1 

17  1 

I  1   2 

In  7 

lfi.O 
19   7 
16  '1 

19   7 

18  l 

It  ii 
it  ". 

II  N 

i:  i 

114 

115 

llri 

117 

118 

lit) 

l.l) 

121 

122 

124 

128 
127 

131 

.'   In   '. 

i  «> 

111 

149 

I'.l 

21   1 

in 

IV. 

157 

- 

|.-ji 

1-1 

iaa 

163 

8 

1    '■ 
1.  "• 

.7 

i;o 

171 

i:: 

•i  Kxcrpt  wlu'ii  ra  'inc  or  hut. 

.rival. 
-  propeller-shaft  runnel  only. 
■i  Dete  of  loading  given  Is  the  sailing  date. 
■  Pays  fr  ii 

one  bold. 
i  In  all  pi  v>-s  ol  Ha*  i 

•;e  or  boiler  room  bulkhead  only. 
•  General;  but  wot  r  room  hulk'  ■ 

I  These  Broresshow  the  percentage  of  moisture  foond  In  the  more  aavwelj  :  irtlons  of  the  cargo. 

t  Principally  In  upper  p  train  In  all  holds 

-engine  or  boiler  room  hulkhea.l.  a:  one  hold. 

■  At  top  of  some  holds,  hut  principally  near  engine  and  holler  room  bulkhe  i 

27807— Cir.  v>_io 2 


10 


A.MKliK  AN    EXPORT    CORN    ( MAIZE )    IN    EUROPE. 


Table  II. — American  corn  certificated  as  "No.  2  Corn,"  "No.t  Corn,  Sail  Grade,"  or 
I'linu  [Sail)  Mixed  Corn"  examined  in  Europe  from  November,  1900.  to  May,  1907, 
inclusive,  showing  the  quantity  found  heating  or  hot,  etc. — Continued. 


1 

a 

a 

Quantity 
examined. 

Quantity  found 
heating  or  hot. 

Holds 
occu- 
pied. 

loading. 

Days 
in 

boat. 

Dirt  and 
foreign 
matter. 

Moisture 
m  cool 
corn. o 

Moisture 

in  heating 

corn. 

No. 
173 

Bushels. 
30,  739 
81,427 
85,713 
102, 8.% 
145,713 
111,427 
30,000 
34,284 
78,542 
103,357 
59,999 
115,711 
17,142 
182,143 
110,322 
102,932 

Bushels. 

0 

0 

0 

*  (Slight.) 

0 

<-4,000 

c  30, 000 

b  (Slight.) 

0  3,375 

171,023 

c  42, 857 

0  7, 050 

09,000 

d 100, 608 

C 55, 368 

c 22,  700 

Per  cent. 

0.0 

.0 

No. 

2 
4 

1907. 
Apr.      1 
Apr.      2 
Apr.      4 
Apr.     10 
Apr.     11 
Apr.     12 
Apr.     13 
Apr.     15 
Apr.     17 
Apr.     24 
Apr.     29 
Apr.    30 
Apr.     30 
May       4 
May       8 
t  May     9 

No. 

29 
21 
20 
26 
20 
24 
24 
29 
21 
28 
16 
25 
22 
19 
21 
/22 

Per  cent. 
2.1 
.4 
.5 
2.8 
4.3 
3.6 
2.3 
.5 
2.7 
1.4 
1.5 
2.0 
3.4 
2.9 
2.7 
3.6 

Per  cent. 
14.2 
18.7 

1.5.  1 
1.5.  .5 
15.8 
16.2 
17.7 
19.2 
17.6 
18.3 
17.9 
14.3 
16.9 
17.3 
17.3 
17.0 

Per  (tni. 

174 

17". 

.0            3 
.0            3 

.0             4 

17i. 

177 

ITS 

3.  6 

100.0 
.0 
4.3 

68. : 

71.4 
8.1 
52.5 
55.3 
.50.2 
22.  I 

4 
1 
2 
3 
2 
2 
4 
1 
4 
2 
4 

179 

180 

181 

182 
183 

19.8 

184 

185 

186 
187 
188 

22.  3 
19.2 

6,598,351 

1,120,900                 17.0  ,       226 

a  Except  when  entire  cargo  was  heating  or  hot. 

0  Principally  in  upper  portions  of  grain  in  all  holds. 

c  In  all  places  of  stowage. 

d  General,  but  worse  near  engine  and  boiler  room  bulkheads. 

«  Date  of  loading  given  is  the  sailing  date. 

/  Days  from  sailing  to  discharge. 

Figures  2  and  3  illustrate  the  data  contained  in  Table  II  and  cor- 
roborate figure  1  in  showing  the  tendency  in  corn  containing  high 
percentages  of  moisture  to  heat  and  "go  out  of  condition"  in  ocean 
transit. 


—JZ 


CARGO    A/L/MSEff. 


Fig.  2. — Diagram  showing  in  chronological  order  the  cargo  number  of  each  shipment,  the  months  during 
which  shipments  were  made,  the  percentages  of  moisture  in  the  corn,  and  the  percentages  of  corn  found 
damaged  in  each  cargo  on  arrival  in  Europe  during  the  fore  part  of  the  season  of  1906-7. 

[Cir.  55] 


ami  i:u   \.\    BXP0B1    COBH    (  M  UZE)    in    i  i   BOP]  , 


1  1 


-13. 


CARGO    A/VMBCff 


■  igx  mi  drawing  in  chmoologlcal  order  the  oargo  Dumber  ofe  urn  shipment,  t iio  months  during 
which  shipments  were  m  ide,  the  percentage!  of  motstnre  In  t  ho  oorn,  end  the  pereenl  il-i^  oi  com  found 
,:'i\  in  each  c  irgo  on  arrival  In  Europe  daring  die  remainder  ol  the  iieawni  of  It 

ami  i:k  \\  CORN  CEBTIFIOATED  IS  "no.  2  corn,"  "No.  2  CORN,  SAIL 
QSADE,"  OB  "  PRIME  (sail  i  MIXED  CORN"  EXAMINED  IN  EUROPE 
DUBING    JANUARY,    EEBR1    \\:\  .    MARCH,     kPRIL,     \ND    MAY,    L908. 

Table  III  shows  in  detail  the  results  of  the  personal  examination 
of  fifty-three  cargoes  of  American  corn  on  their  arrival  at  European 
port-  during  the  month-  from  December,  1907,  to  May.  L908,  inclu- 
sive. The  fifty-three  cargoes  contained  an  aggregate  of  1,124,955 
bushels,  of  which  264,282  bushels,  or  6.4  per  cent,  were  found  to  1><> 
in  a  heating  or  hot  condition. 

The  corn  was  loaded  in  the  United  State-  on  various  date-  from 
December  17.  1907,  to  May  l.  1908.  The  corn  in  twenty-four  cargoes 
arrived  in  an  entirely  cool  condition  throughout,  while  that  in  twenty- 
nine  cargoes  was  found  to  he  more  or  less  heating  or  hot.  loo  per  cent 
heating  or  hot  being  reached  in  only  one  case. 

The  moisture  content  of  the  cool  corn  in  the  cargoes  varied  from 
1  1  to  '20  per  cent.  The  dirt  and  foreign  material  varied  from  0.3  of  1 
per  cent  to  12.3  per  cent.  Of  the  total  of  264,282  bushels  found  t<»  be 
heating  or  hot  during  the  period.  177.170  bushels,  or  07  per  cent, 
were  located  in  the  holds  of  the  ship-  next  to  the  engine  and  boiler 
room-  or  over  the  propeller-shaft  tunnels.  The  remaining  s0,so_> 
[fir.  ."..".J 


12 


AMERICAN    EXPORT    CORN    ( MAIZE )    IN    EUROPE. 


bushels,  or  32.9  per  cent,  of  the  damaged  corn  were  so  located  as  not 
to  be  affected  by  the  heat  radiated  from  the  engines  and  boilers  of  the 
ships. 

Table  III. — American  corn  certificated  as  "No.  2  Corn,"  "No.  2  Corn,  Sail  Grade,"  or 
"Prime  (Sail)  Mixed  Corn"  examined  in  Europe  during  January,  February,  March, 
April,  and  May,  1908,  showing  the  quantity  found  heating  or  hot,  etc. 


No. 

201 

202 

203 

204 

205 

20fi 

207 


208 
209 
210 
211 
212 
213 
214 
215 
216 
217 
21S 
219 
220 
221 
222 
223 
224 
225 
226 
227 
228 
229 
230 
231 
232 
233 
234 
235 
236 
237 
238 
239 
240 
241 
242 
243 
214 
245 
246 
247 
248 
249 
250 
25) 
252 
253 


Quantity 

examined. 


Bushels. 
18,060 
47, 142 
88,284 
121,113 
68,  154 
15,867 
12.X57 


12,857 

31.2X5 

38,571 

25, 71 1 

149,525 

18, 452 

29,999 

60,000 

265,704 

161, 037 

138,206 

131.141 

75. 857 

262,  462 

104,000 

100,325 

65,  184 

51,04  1 

156,854 

60,010 

8,571 
102,  mil 
155.564 

85,714 
102,857 
154,282 

(is.  57H 

51,  128 

102,857 

12,857 

115.714 
8, 530 
60,107 
12,857 
12,437 
94,  182 
47, 142 
17,142 
68,571 
77.142 
81,  128 

107,142 
25.714 
34,285 
25.714 
25.714 


4,124,955 


Quantity  found  heat- 
ing or  hot. 


Bushels. 

0 

0 

0 

6  360 

£8,900 

0 

<-900 


d'HHI 

0 

0 

0 

c 2, 200 

0 

0 

e  51, 500 

'500 

'  28,900 

b  400 

0 

••100 

I 11.400 

0 

0 

S7  8.O0O 

t  1,700 

(50,000 

0 

0 

e  2. 000 

.   Hi.  IKK) 

(-8,600 

0 

l>  9  2. 228 

0 

0 

1.000 

(7  200 

0 

0 

0 

6  50 

ell,  280 

0 

0 

<■  1 ,  000 

(7  600 

6(71,680 

c800 

«"1,400 

0 

e  34, 284 

<■  1 7,  5(H) 

6  (Slight.) 


264,282 


1'er  cent. 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.2 

13.1 

.0 

2.1 


2.1 
.0 


.0 
.0 
1.5 
.0 
.0 

.2 

18.0 

.3 

.0 

.1 

4.3 

.0 

.0 

12.  2 

3.  1 

31.9 

.0 

.0 
2.0 
10.3 

10.0 

.0 

1.4 

.0 

.0 

1.0 

1.6 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.  I 

26.  6 

.0 

.0 

5.8 

.9 

2.2 

1.0 

1.3 

.0 

100.0 

68.  1 

.0 


Holds 
occu- 
pied. 


6.4 


No. 
1 
1 
3 
4 
4 
1 
2 


Date  of 
loading. 


1907. 

Dec.  17 

Dee.  19 

Dec.  21 

Dec.  24 

Dec.  24 

Dec.  24 

Dec.  26 


1908. 

Jan.  1 

Jan.  2 

Jan.  3 

Jan.  4 

Jan.  6 

Jan.  11 

Jan.  16 

Jan.  17 

Jan.  21 

Jan.  24 
Jan. 


Jan.    29 


3(1 

3 

4 


Jan. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 

Feb.  8 

Feb.  10 

Feb.  11 

Feb.  11 

Feb.  12 

Feb.  13 

Feb.  13 

Feb.  17 

Feb.  20 

Feb.  27 

Mar.  19 

Mar.  21 

Mar.  27 

Mar.  5 

Mar.  5 

Mar.  7 

Mar.  11 

Mar.  12 

Mar.  20 

Mar.  27 

Mar.  27 

Mar.  28 

Apr.  6 

Apr.  13 

Apr.  16 

Apr.  22 

Apr.  25 

Apr.  30 

May  1 


137 


Days 

in 
boat. 


No. 
28 
26 
24 
23 
15 
23 
44 


Dirt  and 
foreign 
matter. 


Per  a  tit. 
2.4 

.7 
2.1 

.3 
1.4 
2.0 

.  1 


1.5 

.9 

.9 

1.1 

1.0 

.5 

.5 

1.2 

1.4 

4.0 

2.4 

.9 

.6 

2.0 

1.4 

.7 

.  1 

.9 

1.2 

2.2 

.3 

.9 

3.3 

1.7 

.8 

1.0 

2.6 

2.2 

3.1 

.8 

.6 

.9 

3.0 

1.6 

1.9 

.9 

3.4 

1.9 

.9 

1.5 

.7 

3.1 

12.3 

8.1 

2.8 

5.9 


Moisture 
in  cool 
corn  .a 


Per  cent. 
15.0 

14.2 
16.0 
17.2 

16.  9 
15.1, 
16.7 


16.  I 

16.  li 
18.4 
17.8 
19.1 
15.8 
18.7 
18.6 
18.3 
19.5 
19.1 
18.6 
19.6 
20.0 

17.  1 
17.2 
19.3 
18.5 
18.9 
17.7 
19.6 
15.3 
17.8 

16.0 
17.0 
20.0 
17.3 
18.4 
18.3 
17.2 
16.2 
14.0 
16.9 
16.4 
16.2 
15.8 
16.9 
IX.  0 
1 7.  6 
15.9 
16.7 
16.6 
15.8 
15.8 
■  17.1 
15.6 


Moisture 

in  heat- 
ing corn. 


J'ir  cml. 


2*.0 
16.  5 


25.  2 


26.  5 

21.4 


25.  3 


i     - 


15.  0 
18.5 
20.4 


16.6 


a  Except  where  the  entire  cargo  was  heating  or  hot. 

t>  Principally  in  upper  portions  of  grain  in  all  holds. 

<■  Near  engine  or  boiler  room  bulkhead  only. 

<l  Near  engine  or  boiler  room  bulkhead,  and  near  shifting  boards  in  one  hold. 

f  General,  but  worse  near  engine  and  boiler  room  bulkheads 

;  A  t  to])  of  some  holds,  but  principally  near  engine  and  boiler  room  bulkheads. 

(7  Near  propeller-shaft  tunnel  only. 


[Cir.  55] 


\mii;|i\\    EXP0B1    OOBK    (M\l/i)    iS    BTJBOPE. 


18 


Figure  I  illustrates  the  data  contained  in  Table  111  with  regard  to 
tlic  moisture  content  of  tin*  corn  and  the  quantities  <>f  corn  found 
heating  <>r  hoi  in  the  different  shipments. 


CARGO    /Vi/MSSR 


■  tm  showing  in  chronolot;ii:il  order  tin-  cargo  Dumber  of  each  shipment,  the  month*  during 
which  shipments  were  made,  the  percentage)  of  moisture  in  the  corn,  and  the  percentagee  of  corn  (band 
ged  in  each  r  krgo  mi  arrival  in  Europe  diirint;  the  goaoon  of  I 

SIMMVKV    OK    THE     1IIKKK    SEASONS'    WORK. 

Table  IV  i-  a  summarized  Btatemenl  <>f  the  foregoing  tables  showing 
the  quantities  of  coin  examined  and  the  quantities  and  percentages 
found  heating  or  hot  during  the  three  seasons  of  L905  6,  1906  7.  and 

l>»i)7  g. 

Table  IV. — American  "No.  8  Corn."  "No.   !  <'<>rn.  Sail  Grade,"  or  "Prim* 

!  Com"  examined  on  arrival  at  European  jioris  during  1905  S,   1906  7.  ami 
in  mi/  /In  quantity  found  healing  "/•  hoi . 


"1  .■  ir 


Quantity 
examined. 


Quantity  found  he  ii- 
ingor  hot  on  arrival. 


19UW,... 


Ru*htl».  Butheli. 

81  526,192 

•    SI  1, 120,000 
I  124,956 


IX  l 
17.0 


• 


12  ; 


THE    EFFECT   OF   STOWAGE    OS    CORN    EXAMINED    DURING    THE    SEASON 

OF    1907    B. 

Table  V shows  the  influence  of  stowage  in  the  ship-;  toward  causing 
damage  in  transit  to  the  corn  examined  on  arrival  in  Europe  during 

the  -(>:!>! >n  of  1007  B. 

[fir  66] 


14  AMERICAN    EXPORT   CORN    (MAIZE)    IN   EUROPE. 

Table  V. —  The  effect  of  stowage  on  corn  examined  during  the  season  of  1907-8. 


Location  of  heating  or  hot  corn. 

Total  corn 
found  heat- 
ing or  hot. 

In  holds  adjacent   to 
engine     and     boiler 
room  bulkheads  and 
shaft  tunnels. 

In  holds  not  adjacent 
to  engine  and  boiler 
room  bulkheads  and 
shaft  tunnels. 

Sea-damaged  corn. 

Bushels. 
177,170 

I'tr  cent. 

1,7.1) 

Bushels. 
80,  802 

I'tr  cent. 
32.9 

Bushels. 
263,972 

Bushels. 
310 

Percent. 

i).  1 

COMPARISON   OF  THE  MONTHS  IN   WHICH  THE  CORN"   WAS   SHIPPED   AND 
THE  QUANTITIES  FOUND  HEATING  OR  HOT  ON  ARRIVAL. 

Table  VI  shows  the  quantities  of  corn  examined  and  the  quantities 
found  heating  or  hot,  arranged  according  to  the  months  during  which 
the  shipments  were  made.  From  this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  con- 
siderable quantities  of  the  corn  snipped  during  the  winter  months,  as 
well  as  that  shipped  during  the  spring  months,  or  during  the  so-called 
"germinating  season,"  arrived  in  a  heating  or  hot  condition.  The 
highest  percentage  of  heating  or  hot  corn  was  found  in  the  shipments 
made  during  May.  The  next  highest  percentage,  was  found  in  the 
corn  shipped  during  April,  while  the  percentage  found  heating  or  hot 
in  that  shipped  during  March  was  less  than  was  found  in  the  ship- 
ments made  during  either  January  or  February.  The  corn  examined 
which  was  loaded  during  October  and  November  was  to  all  appear- 
ances "old  crop"  corn  containing  low  percentages  of  moisture,  none 
of  which  was  found  "out  of  condition"  or  heating. 

Table  VI. — Comparison  of  the  months  in  which  the  corn  teas  ship/in!  and  the  percentages 
found  heating  or  hot  on  arrival. 


1905-0. 

1906-7. 

1907-8. 

Total. 

Month. 

Car- 
goes. 
(«) 

Quantity 

ex- 
amined. 

Pro- 
por- 
tion 

found 
heat- 
ing 

or  hot. 

Car- 
goes. 
(«) 

Quantity 

ex- 
amined. 

Pro- 
por- 
tion 

found 
heat- 
ing 

or  hot. 

Car- 
goes. 
(») 

Quantity 

ex- 
amined. 

Pro- 
por- 
tion 

found 
heat- 
ing 

or  hot. 

Car- 
goes. 
(«) 

Quantity 

ex- 
amined. 

Pro- 
por- 
tion 
found 

heat- 
ing 
or  hot. 

Bushels. 

P.ct. 

5 
9 
14 
14 
13 
17 
13 
3 

Bushels. 

198. 480 

529,609 

622,765 

1,001,570 

1.491,405 

1.359,209 

996.910 

395,397 

P.ct. 

0.0 
.0 

3.4 
24.1 
18.0 
17.9 
16.8 
45.2 

Bushels. 

r.ct. 

Bushels. 

5        198. 480 
9       529. 009 

P.ct. 
0,0 

.0 

December. . 

January 

February . . 

March 

April 

May 

2 
11 

3 
5 
11 
2 

149,999 
1.751,935 
402.129 
702, 632 
1.296.434 
51,552 

3.0 

7.6 

22.6 

.5 

20.6 

49.9 

: 

13 
14 
12 

6 
1 

401.507 
1,171,348 

1.481.137 
693.824 
351,425 

25.714 

2.  - 
7.2 
6.8 
2.0 
15.8 
.0 

23 

38 
30 
34 

30 
0 

1.174.271 
3,927,859 
3,374,671 
2,755,665 
2,644,769 
472,663 

3.1 
11.7 
13.6 

9.5 
18.6 
42.3 

a  The  number  of  cargoes  examined  during  the  month  in  each  case  is  shown. 


[Cir.  55] 


\.\li  IRK   \N    BXP0R1    CORN    (MAIZE)    IN    EUROPE. 


i:, 


COMPARISON   OF    Mir    LENGTH   Ol     mmi     PHI    OORN    WAS   in    Mil.   VESSELS 
\\i ,>i    wmmks    mm   \i>    mi   ITING   <>i:    HOT  ON     \i:i:i\  \i. 

Table  VII  shows  the  length  of  time  the  com  examined  was  in  the 
vessels  and  the  quantities  found  in  a  heating  or  hoi  condition.  The 
table  is  arranged  in  periods  of  10  days  each,  with  the  exceptions  of 
the  firsl  and  last  periods  which  arc  from  13  to  15  days,  inclusive,  and 
from  .")ti  to  58  days,  inclusive,  respectively.  It  will  be  seen  in  the 
totals  of  this  table  thai  of  the  com  examined  during  the  three  years  the 
percentage  thai  was  found  heating  or  hoi  increased  directly  (with 
but  one  exception,  which  is  explained)  a-  the  length  of  time  in  the 
ships  increased.  TIh>  percentages  of  damage  vary  from  3.5 per  cenl 
in  the  firsl  period  to  12.5  per  cenl  for  the  period  from  16  to  55  days. 

Table  VII      Comparison  of ii»  length  of  tirru  tht  corn  was  in  the  vessels  and  tht  qnantit 
found  heating  or  hoi  <m  arrival. 

Number  ol  da]  j  In  boat 


Quanttt] 
i  ii.-.  1 . 

Quantity  found 
■  t  hot. 

Quantity 
examined 

Quantity  funnel 
beating  i>r  hot. 

Quantit} 
examined 

Quantlt;  found 
heating  <>r  hot. 

1905-6.  . 

flu.tA./... 
510.504 

1     V.I 

IP 

0 

.ii 
.ii 

1, 180,  H  i 
19,014 

188,  170 
341,  in 

107,90? 

12.7 

9  i 
i  o 

2,  1 1 

1.  796,808 

17,  109 

BuiktU. 
302,719 
145,793 

13  'i 
24  B 

v.:  .!,.-> 

3.5 

7.-.II  516 

637,815 

6,02 

Number  ol  days  In  boat 


16  to 

." 

6  to  68. 

Quai                   intltj  bond 
ting  u  hot 

Quan 
examined 

Quantity  bund 
Be  il iml;  or  hot. 

Quantity 
examined. 

Qn  on  ii  y  found 
heating  or  hot. 

• 
■    ■ 

Ua.       Butktli     1 

i>              ii 

■ 

'.;«. 

in   i> 

n 

0 

fill.«A. 

II 
i  200 

ii               0 

108   II  1 

77,  142 

4.200  > 

lobture  of  tl 

ire  >>(  Mii^  i  orn  15.1  inge  15  to  16  p 

id  16.7  per  cem  moisture;  the  former  <  ontained  no  heating  or  t 

■  l.N  In  T  iblt«  II . 


COMPARISON    OF   THE    PERCENTAGES    Ol     MOISTURE    in    THE    CORN     \\l> 
IMF.    Ql    INTmXS    OF   <<>k\    FOUND    BEATING    OR    HOT   ON     ARRIVAL. 

Table  ^  III  shows  the  corn  examined  arranged  in  divisions  of  2 
|vr  cent  of  moisture,  from  12  to  l  \  per  cent,  l  1.1  to  16  peT  cent,  and 

Ki.l  to  In  per  cent,  and  a  division  of  from  18.1  per  cent  to  20.6  per 
ctsit  moisture,  respectively,  and  the  quantity  found  heating  or  hot 

in  each  division. 
[Clr  .-.M 


16 


AMERICAN    EXPORT   CORN    ( MAIZE )    IN    EUROPE. 


In  this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  the  percentage  of  corn  found 
heating  or  hot  on  arrival  increased  with  but  few  exceptions  as  the 
moisture  content  increased.  The  exceptions  being  almost  wholly 
due  to  most  favorable  shipping  conditions,  which  materially  reduced 
the  percentage  of  damage  in  the  corn  containing  from  18.1  to  20.6  per 
cent  of  moisture. 

Table  VIII. — Comparison  of  the  percentages  of  moisture  in  the  corn  and  the  percentages 
of  corn  found  heating  or  hot  on  arrival  in  Europe. 


1905-6. 

1906-7. 

1907-8. 

Total. 

Moisture  content,  a 

Quantity 
examined. 

Pro- 
por- 
tion 
found 
heat- 
ing 
or  hot. 

Quantity 

examined. 

Pro- 
por- 
tion 
found 
heat- 
ing 
or  hot. 

Quantity 
examined. 

Pro- 
por- 
tion 
found 
heat- 
ing 
or  hot. 

Quantity 
examined. 

Pro- 
por- 
tion 
found 
heat- 
ing 
or  hot. 

Per  cent. 
12tol4 

Bushels,  b 

]'.  ct. 

Bushils. 
563,835 
1,340,090 
1,946.142 
2,748,184 

/'.  cl. 
'■  6.  7 
10.7 
33.  2 
10.6 

Bushels. 

8,530 

735.813 

1,474.590 

1,906,022 

/'.  cl. 
0.0 
6.3 
4.  1 

Bushel*. 

572, 365 
2,581.445 
fi  454  fl:<7 

P.  cl. 
6.6 

14.1  to  Hi. 

505,542 

3,034.205 

763,  382 

1.4 
8.3 
31.5 

7.7 

16.1  to  IX... 

14.9 

18.1  to  20. 6 

8.2  1    5.417.588 

12.8 

a  According  to  tests  made  of  the  cool  corn  in  each  cargo,  except  in  cases  where  all  the  corn  was  heating 
or  hot. 

b  Except  cargoes  Nos.  33  and  34. 

<•  This  corn  contained  14  per  cent  of  moisture  and  was  only  slightly  heating  and  not  discolored,  a  condition 
known  in  Europe  as  "dry  heat." 

COMPARISON  OF  THE  MOISTURE  CONTENT  OF  THE  CORN  AND  THE  NUMBER 
OF  CARGOES  CONTAINING  HEATING  OR  HOT  CORN  ON  ARRIVAL. 

Table  IX  shows  the  number  of  cargoes  examined  and  found  to 
contain  heating  or  hot  corn  on  arrival  arranged  according  to  different 
percentages  of  moisture  and  the  percentage  of  the  cargoes  found  to 
contain  heating  or  hot  corn. 


Table  IX.— ( 'omparison  of  the  moisture  content  of  the  corn  and  the  number  and  percentage 
of  cargoes  containing  heating  or  hot  corn  on  arrival. 


Car- 
goes 
ex- 
am- 
ined.a 

Range  of  moisture  content  (cool  corn). 

Year. 

12  to  14  per  cent. 

14.1  to  16  per 
cent. 

16.1  to  18  per 
cent. 

18.1  to  20.6  per 

cent. 

Car- 
goes 
ex- 
am- 
ined. 

Cargoes 
containing 
heating  or 
hot  corn. 

Car- 
goes 
ex- 
am- 
ined. 

Cargoes 
containing 
heating  or 
hot  corn. 

eo^s      Cars°?s 
^       containing 

■ "      heating  or 
toed.     hot™r"- 

Car- 
goes 
ex- 
am- 
ined. 

• 

Cargoes 

containing 

heating  or 

hot  corn. 

1905-6 

No. 
32 
88 
53 

No. 

0 

11 

1 

No. 
0 
2 
0 

P.  ct. 

0.0 

18.2 

.0 

No. 
5 
25 
13 

No. 
3 
9 
4 

P.ct. 
60.0 
36.  0 
30.8 

No. 
20 
22 
22 

No. 
17 
17 
13 

P.  cl. 
85.0 
77.3 
59.1 

No. 

7 
30 
17 

No  P.  ct. 
7         100.0 

1906-7 

615           50.0 

1907  ^. .  . 

612           70.6 

173 

12 

2 

16.7 

43      16 

:;:. .' 

64      47 

73.4 

54 

34           63.0 

n  Except  cargoes  Nos.  33  and  34. 

b  winter  shipments  from  northern  ports  in  most  cases. 


[Cir.  55] 


AMERICAN    EXPORT  CORN     (MAIZE)    in    EUROPE.  IT 

'l  ill'     CORN     EXAMINED     i\     EUROP1      GRADED      ACCORDING      I"     ORAOE 
KOISTUR]    LIMITS  O]    im    GRAIN  DEALERS'  NATIONAL  ASSOCIATION. 

The  Grain  Dealers'  National  Association  at  its  annual  convention 
held  al  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  October,  1908,  adopted  rules  and  specifi- 
cations for  commercial  grain  grades  and  recommended  thai  the)  be 
adopted  for  general  use  in  the  grain  business.  These  rule-  limited 
the  percentages  of  moisture  to  be  allowed  in  the  different  grades  of 
corn  as  Follows:  "No.  I  Corn,"  i~>  per  cent:  "No.  2  Corn,"  16  pel 
cent;  "No.  3  Corn,"  19  per  cent;  and  "No.  l  Corn,"  22  per  cent, 
these  grades  t«>  include  cool  corn  only. 

Table  X  shows  the  corn  examined  arranged  in  grades  according  to 
it-  moisture  content  as  tested  in  Europe  and  according  to  the  limits 
of  moisture  fixed  for  each  grade  by  the  association  rules.  Prom 
this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  according  to  those  rule-  2,815,795 
bushels,  or  18.7  per  cent,  of  the  corn  examined  and  that  was  shipped 
So.  J "  or  equivalent  grades  would  have  been  graded  "No.  2" 
or  better;  that  7,528,941  bushels,  <>r  50.1  per  cent,  would  have  been 
graded  "No.  3;"  that  2,796,058  bushels,  or  L8.6  per  cent,  would 
have  been  graded  "No.  i:"  and  that  1,885,641  bushels,  or  12.7  per 
(■nit,  would  have  been  graded  "Sample,"  on  account  of  being  heating 
or  hot.  Had  the  heating  or  hot  corn  in  the  shipments  arrived  cool 
it  would  have  been  classed  among  the  other  grades,  as  in  th.it  case 
it  is  believed  none  of  the  corn  would  have  shown  moisture  contents 
of  more  than  20.6  per  cent,  the  highest  percentage  of  moisture  found 
in  any  of  t  he  coo)  corn. 

T  uui    \      .1  m»  ■  *  on  i  m  "J\  /  in 

oj  tl<,  rule*  adopted  '"/  the 
National  A  St.  1 


hire 
tim- 

191V 

Gra  1'' 

■lily 

dnM. 

'it  v 

■o 

Quantity 

examine'!. 

. 

- 

- 

Number  l . . 

N'uml  ■ 

Bu-'hrlf 

- 
11    .. 

Rwhrl.t. 

t   - 

in 

ButktU. 

I  - 

l.M. 

39 

Bu*h(h. 

11.3 
7.4 

IB  i  it  k  i  \i.ii    dried  t  <>i:\. 

era!  cargoes  that  had  been  shipped  as  "artificially  dried"  corn 

examined.  This  corn  was  certificated  as  No.  j  or  equivalent 
grades  and  the  data  relating  thereto  are  included  in  the  tables 
and  diagrams.     Various  terms  in  addition  to  the  grades  were  used  in 

27507  I  — 3 


18         AMERICAN  EXPORT  COBS  (MAIZE)  IN  EUROPE. 

the  certificates  of  inspection  accompanying  these  shipments  to  indi- 
cate that  the  corn  had  been  artificially  dried.  During  the  season 
1907-N,  1,209,075  bushels  of  such  corn  were  examined  on  arrival 
and  54,314  bushels,  or  4.1  per  cent,  were  found  to  he  in  a  heating 
condition. 

None  of  this  so-called  "dried"  corn  which  arrived  cool  showed  a 
moisture  content  of  less  than  15.2  per  cent,  while  some  of  the  cool 
corn  contained  as  high  as  19.4  per  cent  of  moisture,  and  the  corn 
found  heating  in  the  various  cargoes  was  quite  evenly  distributed 
from  that  containing  the  lowest  to  that  containing  the  highest  per- 
centage of  moisture,  showing  that  the  partial  drying  of  corn  con- 
taining liigh  percentages  of  moisture  so  disturbs  conditions  as  to 
cause  it  to  be  generally  unsafe  for  ocean  shipment. 

THE  GRADES  OF  "  STEAMER  "  AND  "  NO.  3  CORN." 

Aside  from  the  better  grades  of  corn  heretofore  considered  consid- 
erable quantities  of  the  lower  grades  of  "Steamer"  and  "No.  3 
Corn"  were  examined,  but  the  data  relating  thereto  are  not  included 
in  the  tables  or  diagrams. 

Of  this  corn  51,428  bushels  in  two  cargoes,  winch  were  loaded  and 
shipped  in  January  and  February,  1908,  and  the  voyages  of  which 
consumed  17  and  20  days,  respectively,  showed  a  moisture  content 
ranging  from  19.2  to  22.5  per  cent,  an  average  of  19.8  per  cent. 
The  corn  was  stowed  in  holds  free  and  away  from  boiler  or  engine 
room  heat,  and  no  heating  or  hot  corn  was  found  in  either  cargo. 

HEAT-DAMAGED    CORN    ARTIFICIALLY   DRIED. 

Several  shipments  or  parcels,  amounting  in  all  to  79,847  bushels  of 
badly  discolored  heat-damaged  corn,  sometimes  known  as  "ma- 
hogany," which  had  been  artificially  dried  before  shipping,  were  also 
examined  in  Europe.  These  shipments  bore  certificates  as  "rejected 
corn,"  "dried,"  and  the  data  relating  thereto  are  not  included  in 
the  tables  and  diagrams.  The  moisture  content  of  this  corn  varied 
from  13.2  to  17.4  per  cent.  Such  corn  is  used  almost  entirely  for 
distilling  purposes  on  the  continent  of  Europe. 

EXPORT    CARGOES    OF    WHEAT. 

t 

Several  cargoes  of  wheat  which  were  exported  from  the  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  ports  of  the  United  States  were  also  examined  on  arrival  in 
Europe,  and  many  complaints,  some  of  which  were  verified,  accom- 
panied by  samples  and  data,  were  submitted  to  the  writers.  These 
complaints  were  largely  centered  about  shipments  of  hard  winter 
wheat  from  the  Gulf  ports,  which  were,  in  some  cases,  received  in 
Europe  in  a  badly  heating  and  damaged  condition,  due  to  an  excess 
[Cir.  55] 


vmi UUC  \\  (M  m/i  I    IN   El  ROP]  .  I  9 

amount  of  moisture  in  the  grain  ;ii  the  time  of  shipment.     In  other 
es  ilir  cargoes  arrived  cool,  hut   the  wheal   contained  large  per 
centages  of  damaged    kernels  caused    l>\    the   wheal    having   been 
heated  before  shipmenl . 
Other  complaints  of  American   wheal   shipments  brought    to  the 

notice  of  the  writers  had  relation  i"  the  relatively   | r  quality  and 

dirt}  condition  of  deliveries  of  No.  I  Northern  Spring  wheat;  to 
deliveries  of  semihard  wheal,  mixtures  of  Bofl  and  haul  wheals,  ami 
entirel)  soft  red  winter  wheats  upon  haul  winter  wheal  purchases; 
to  deliveries  of  damp,  smutty,  and  heat-damaged  durum  wheal  upon 
purchases  of  No.  I .  No.  2,  and  No.  3  Durum  wheat;  and  to  deli \  eries 
of  wheal  containing  considerable  quantities  of  wild  garlic  on  pur- 
chases of  No.  2  Soft  Red  Winter  wheat. 

OBSERVATIONS  AND  RECOMMENDATIONS. 

1  \<   TORS     \iii<   mm.    GENERA]     CONDITIONS. 

Till-:    MOISTURE   CONTENT   01    "\n.  J  CORN"  ami  "  Ml  \  I ■  n  CORN." 

The  rules  and  specifications  defining  the  grades  of  "No.  2  Corn" 
and  "Mixed  Corn"  (the  latter  being  used  almosl  exclusively  by  one 
export  market  :  of  both  the  interior  and  export  grain  markets  of  the 
United  States  definitely  require  that  corn  of  those  grades  Bhall  be 
"sound"  and  "dry,"  and  the  addition  of  the  t<  rms  "Sail  Grade"  or 
"  Prime  Sail  "  are  used  upon  t  he  inspect  ion  certificates  of  some  export 
markets  to  emphasize  the  factor  of  dryness,  yet  the  cool  corn  which 
bore  certificates  of  those  grades  and  was  examined  in  Europe  con- 
tained on  arri\  al  all  I  he  way  from  12  to  20.6  per  cent  moisture. 

So  far  as  these  investigations  have  progressed,  it  is  nol  thought 
possible  under  ordinary  conditions  of  ocean  transportation  for  corn 
or  other  grain,  confined  as  it  i^  in  the  holds  of  the  ships,  to  take  on 
moisture  from  the  air,  as  wheat  from  semiarid  regions  is  said  to  do 
when  otherwise  transported  to  more  humid  regions,  especially  when 
the  moisture  content  of  the  grain  as  shipped  is  high. 

BOW  CHANGES  IN    MOISTUBI    CONTENT  MAY  TAKE    PLACE  ON  BOARD  SMTP. 

There  are  two  means  by  which  the  moisture  content  in  anv  part 
or  the  whole  of  a  ship's  corn  cargo  may  be  increased  during  transit: 
(1)  The  transfer  of  moisture  bj  air  currents  caused  by  changes  in 
temperature:  and    2    by  chemical  changes  within  the  corn  kernel. 

La  to  the  first  means,  com  containing  excessive  moisture  and 
situated  so  the  moisture  can  escape  when  subjected  to  heat  will  give 
olT  moisture  and  become  drier.  The  moisture  thus  given  off  in  a 
ship's  hold,  in  case  the  temperatures  in  the  hold  are  not  uniform, 
finds  its  way  to  the  usual  air  space  above  the  corn  and  under  the 
[CU.B6] 


20  AMERICAN    EXPORT   CORN    (MAIZE)    IN    EUROPE. 

deck,  passing  thence  as  water  to  other  parts  of  the  hold,  where  it 
condenses  on  the  cooler  corn,  the  cooler  deck,  and  the  sides  of  the 
ship.  This  process,  augmented  as  time  goes  on  by  the  second  means, 
may  increase  considerably  the  moisture  content  of  the  corn  in  some 
portions  <if  the  hold  or  cargo. 

The  second  means  by  which  the  moisture  content  of  the  corn  may 
be  increased  is  by  changes  in  the  chemical  composition  of  the  kernel, 
the  effect  of  which  is  more  evident  in  corn  that  is  heating  badly. 
Conditions  of  temperature  and  moisture  may  be  favorable  in  some 
part  of  a  cargo  for  fermentation  to  begin  and  continue  with  more  or 
less  vigor.  The  heat  generated  in  this  process  is  gradually  trans- 
mitted to  the  surrounding  portions,  starting  and  increasing  fer- 
mentation, which,  decomposes  the  grain  and  liberates  its  water  of 
composition,  thus  increasing  the  amount  of  moisture  in  some  por- 
tions or  in  the  whole  cargo,  if  conditions  are  not  disturbed,  without 
any  addition  whatever  of  moisture  from  outside  sources. 

From  these  causes  the  corn  in  many  of  the  ships  examined  was 
found  to  be  damp  and  heating  at  the  top,  while  that  beneath  was 
cool,  and  the  iron  decks  and  sides  of  the  ships  were  found  to  be  quite 
wet  with  the  condensed  moisture  from  the  heating  corn. 

THE    "GERMIXATIXG    SEASOX." 

In  the  grain  trade  the  "germinating  season,"  so  called,  is  under- 
stood to  be  a  special  season  of  the  year  during  which  grain  is  cus- 
tomarily planted  in  the  ground.  The  limits  of  this  season  are  not 
very  clearly  defined,  but  it  is  generally  understood  to  extend  from 
about  the  middle  of  March  to  the  middle  of  June.  It  is  generally 
believed  that  there  is  a  natural  and  inherent  tendency  in  grain  to 
germinate  during  that  season,  and  that  the  heating  of  grain  in  storage 
and  in  transit  during  those  months  is  due  primarily  to  this  tendency. 

From  the  nature  of  the  damage  usually  found  in  corn  in  a  heating 
or  hot  condition  in  storage  or  in  ships  in  transiuthere  seems  to  be 
good  reason  for  doubting  that  the  germinative  processes  are  respon- 
sible for  the  damage,  as  such  corn  does  not  usually  appear  to  have 
germinated.  Sprouted  coin  was  occasionally  found  in  the  cargoes 
examined,  but  only  at  the  top  of  the  bulk,  where  considerable  addi- 
tional moisture  had  been  supplied,  either  through  condensation,  as 
described  elsewhere,  or  from  outside  sources. 

CONDITIONS    NECESSARY   TO    <;  ERMIN  ATIOX. 

In  order  that  corn  or  any  of  the  grains  may  germinate  there  must 

be  present:   (1)  Air  or  oxygen:    (2)  heat:  and   (3)  moisture.     If  one 

or  more  of  these  are  absent  germination  will  not  take  place,  but  if 

all  are  present  at  the  same  time  and  insufficient  quantities  and  the 

[Clr.55] 


\Mii;i<\\    EXP0B1    <  HUN    (MAIZE)    in    EUROPE.  -\ 

in  of  llif  grain  be  alive,  germination  will  take  place  regardless  of 
the  time,  tin'  place,  or  the  season  of  the  year. 

There  can  l>e  no  doub(  thai  the  same  conditions  of  temperature  and 
moisture  thai  favor  germination  or  the  active  growth  of  the  germ  <>f 
the  grain  are  favorable  also  to  the  growth  of  molds  mid  bacteria, 
well  as  the  production  and  action  of  certain  ferments  which  have  the 
power  of  changing  the  composition  ■>!  the  grain  kernels,  and  which  in 
their  action  produce  heal  sufficient  to  cause  the  heating  of  the  grain. 

There  is  too  tittle  known  of  the  great  Bubject  of  fermentation  in 
nature  t<>  enable  more  t<>  !><•  said  than  that  some  kind  of  fermentation 
does  frequently  take  place  in  bulk  grain  and  thai  this  is  the  principal 
danger  to  which  damp  grain  in  storage  or  in  transit  is  exposed. 

SHIPMENTS    "i     "WINTER-8HEIAED"    COBN. 

In  the  Northern  Bemisphere  during  the  spring  months  the  proper 
combination  of  the  elements  favorable  to  the  production  and  action 
of  ferments  is  more  likely  to  exist  than  during  the  other  seasons  of 
the  year.  The  fact  thai  the  corn  shipped  for  export  during  the  early 
spring  months  of  the  past  several  years  has  been  mostly  •winter- 
shelled  "  corn,  which  still  retained  a  relatively  large  percentage  of  its 
moisture  and  in  which  fermentation  had  frequently  begun  before 
shipment .  and  the  further  fact  that  much  damage  has  been  sustained 
through  the  shipment  o(  such  corn  is  what  undoubtedly  originated 
and  what  has  perpetuated  the  idea  of  a  "germinating  season." 

Corn  in  which  fermentation  has  begun  need  no!  necessarily  be  hot 
or  even  perceptibly  heating,  bul  the  action  is  usually  indicated  by  a 
peculiar  faintly  sour  odor  present.  The  presence  of  this  odor  should 
serve  as  a  warning  to  the  shipper  or  handler  of  corn,  because  corn  in 
.which  the  odor  i->  presenl  soon  becomes  hoi  if  not  frequently  and 
thoroughly  ventilated,  more  especially  if  its  moisture  content  i-  high. 

IIIK  IMPORT  w<  i;  OF  MOISTXJBE  CONTENT   in    CORE    l\    <  ><  I   w    I  i:  w-ll. 

These  investigations  have  led  to  the  conclusion,  which  is  believed 
to  have  been  clearly  demonstrated  in  the  tables  and  diagrams, 
that  the  moisture  content  of  corn,  and  of  other  grains  as  well,  is  the 
primary  factor  determining  their  capacity  to  carry  safely  in  ocean 
transit  without  deterioration,  and  the  importance  of  this  factor  has 
been  emphasized  throughout  the  work.  Corn  in  which  the  moisture 
content  is  sufficiently  low  will  carry  safely  under  ordinary  conditions 
of  ocean  transit  for  any  reasonable  length  of  time  during  any  season 
of  the  year,  no  matter  where  it  is  stowed  in  the  vessel,  while  corn  con- 
taining a  high  moisture  content  is  constantly  in  danger  of  heating  at 
any  time  owing  to  a  variety  of  contributing  causes. 

It  has  been  shown  that  although  somewhal  drier  corn  was  shipped 
to  Europe  during  the  spring  months, its  moisture  content  was  —till  not 

[Cir.  .".] 


22  AMERICAN    EXPORT    CORN    ( MAIZE )    IN    EUROPE. 

sufficiently  Low  in  man}'  cases  to  enable  the  corn  to  carry  safely  at 
the  naturally  increased  temperatures  encountered  en  route. 

Thoroughly  air-dried  corn  contains  about  12  per  cent  of  moisture. 
Such  corn  may  be  shipped  for  export  at  any  time  under  ordinary 
conditions  with  little  or  no  danger  from  heating  in  transit,  and  this 
is  practically  true  also  of  corn  containing  up  to  14  per  cent  of  mois- 
ture, provided  fermentation  has  not  started  in  such  corn." 

CONDITIONS    NECESSARY    FOR    SHIPPING    DAMP   CORN. 

The  fact  that  certain  lots  of  corn  contain  high  percentages  of  mois- 
ture does  not  necessarily  mean  that  they  will  not  stand  ocean  ship- 
ment safely.  The  voyage  may  be  short,  the  air  temperature  at  the 
time  of  loading  and  during  the  voyage  may  be  low,  no  disturbing 
influence  such  as  heat  radiated  from  the  ship's  boilers  may  be  en- 
countered, and  the  corn  kept  practically  in  cold  storage.  Under  such 
most  favorable  conditions  a  high  percentage  of  moisture  may  often 
be  safely  carried  in  corn.  Cargoes  of  such  corn  are  often  landed  upon 
the  quays  in  Europe  in  a  perfectly  cool  (cold,  in  fact)  condition, 
which  corn  upon  being  exposed  to  warmer  atmospheric  conditions 
soon  "goes  out  of  condition"  and  becomes  hot  and  unfit  for  reship- 
ment  via  the  waterways  of  Europe,  as  is  required  of  much  of  the  grain 
received  abroad. 

THE    EFFECT    OF   HIGH    AND    LOW    MOISTURE    CONTEXTS. 

When  corn  goes  out  of  condition,  the  effect  of  its  relative  moisture 
content  immediately  becomes  evident.  Corn  with  a  low  moisture 
content*requires  a  much  longer  time  to  reach  that  stage  designated  as 
"hot"  or  to  become  discolored  or  "damaged"  by  the  process  of  heat- 
ing than  corn  with  a  high  moisture  content,  while  corn  with  a  high, 
moisture  content  will  heat,  become  discolored,  and  lose  weight  by 
evaporation  quickly,  and  the  processes  of  deterioration  are  accelerated 
with  each  additional  per  cent  of  moisture  much  more  rapidly  than 
the  proportionate  increase  in  the  moisture  content. 

When  corn  of  a  low  moisture  content  is  found  in  a  heating  condi- 
tion, it  can  ordinarily  be  restored  to  its  original  condition  with  but  a 
slight  amount  of  handling  and  ventilating  and  without  much,  if  any, 
loss  in  value  through  discoloration,  while  corn  with  a  high  moisture 
content,  when  heating  in  any  considerable  bulk,  quickly  becomes 
badly  discolored  and  damaged  and  is  with  great  difficulty  and  a 
great  amount  of  handling  restored  to  a  cool  condition,  and  then  only 
with  more  or  less  damage  to  its  quality  and  a  corresponding  loss  in 
value. 

°  None  of  the  corn  examined  in  Europe  which  contained  less  than  14  per  cent  of 
moisture  was  found  in  a  heating  condition,  excepting  in  cases  where  moisture  had 
been  expelled  through  the  heating  processes,  regardless  of  its  location  in  the  ships. 
[Cii  •.•->•-.] 


AMI  RICAN    I  XPOH  I    CORN     I  \l  \l/l   )    IX   1  CROPS. 
mi     MOI8TUR]     CONTEN1    •>)     CORN    FROM     ARGENTINA. 

With  reaped  to  its  moisture  content,  the  com  received  in  Europe 
from  Argentina  appears  t"  have  an  advantage  over  corn  from  the 
United  Stiites,  notwithstanding  thai  it  musl  cross  the  equator  and 
the  Torriil  Zone  in  transit  t'>  Europe.  A  number  "f  tests  "I  Argen- 
tine corn  showed  moisture  content--  ranging  from  12.2  i>>  L5.5  per 
cent.  The  corn  with  tin1  higher  moisture  content  frequently  arrived 
in  a  heating  condition  but  was  restored  to  condition,  without  much 
or  any  change  from  it-  original  appearance  and  color,  with  l>ut  little 
handling  and  ventilat  ing. 

i  in:    DIRT    \M'    FOREIGN    MATTER    i\    CORN. 

During  tlif  process  of  loading  grain  into  the  hold  of  a  -hip.  the 
finely  broken  particles  of  corn,  dirt,  and  foreign  matter  tend  to  collect 
and  remain  directlj  beneath  the  hatches,  the  whole  kernel-  shifting 
and  rolling  much  more  readily  than  the  broken  particles  and  dirt. 
Owing  to  this  tendency  large  amounts  of  dirt  and  finely  broken  corn 
were  frequently  round  immediately  beneath  the  hatches  ol  the  ships 
examined,  and  heating  and  moldy  corn  was  also  frequently  found 
in  those  localities.  The  heating  processes  were  undoubtedly  aided 
1>\  these  collections  of  finer  matter,  especially  when  found  in  contact 
with  damp  shifting  hoard-  or  other  cargo  introduced  into  the  hold  in 
a  dan")  or  w  et  condit  ion. 

rill'.    STOWAGE    OF    EXPORT    GRAIN    l\    SHIPS. 

Practically  all  of  the  grain  that  i-  exported  t<»  Europe  from  the 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  ports  of  the  Tinted  State-  i-  carried  in  hulk,  with 
the  exception  of  small  quantities  placed  in  sacks,  which  is  used  in 
trimming  cargo  in  order  to  prevent  the  hulk  grain  from  shifting  with 
the  rolling  ami  pitching  of  the  ship.  When  a  ship  carries  a  full  cargo 
each  hold   is,   of  course,   filled   or  nearly   Idled    with  grain,   hut    when 

grain  forms  only  a  portion  of  the  cargo  one  or  more  hold-  are  some- 
times filled  with  grain  only  and  the  remaining  hold-  contain  other 
freight ,  w  Idle  in  other  cases  the  grain  i-  distributed  along  the  bottom 
•>f  the  ship,  each  hold  containing  about  the  same  depth  of  grain,  in 
which  cases  other  cargo  i-  -towed  on  the  top  of  the  grain. 

Til  i  I     OF  DRY  AND  DAMP  CORN 

When  the  corn  is  thoroughly  air  dried  it  is  not  a  matter  of  great 
importance  where  or  how  it  i-  stowed,  SO  long  a-  it  doe-  not  come  into 
contact  with  sea  water,  green  or  wet  shifting  hoards,  or  damp  or  wet 

freight,  such  a-  cotton  that  has  been  exposed  to  rain  before  being 

loaded,  wet  lumber,  etc. 
[Or 


24  AMERICAN    EXPORT   CORN    (MAIZE)    IX    EUROPE. 

Where  the  shipments  of  corn  contained  a  percentage  of  moisture 
much  above  that  of  thoroughly  air-dried  corn  it  was  found  in  a  large 
percentage  of  the  holds  examined  that  at  least  some  of  the  com  was 
heating,  and  in  some  cases  that  all  of  it  was  in  that  condition: 

In  many  cases  the  damage  was  confined  to  the  corn  at  the  top  of 
the  cargo,  where  the  grain  was  loaded  under  and  came  in  contacl  with 
damp  cotton,  copper,  or  other  heavy  or  wet  freight,  and  where  the 
corn  was  located  against  wet  shifting  hoards  or  along  the  sides  of 
the  ship,  where  condensation  had  taken  place,  while  in  other  cases 
the  heating  grain  was  apparently  protected  from  boiler  heat  and  had 
no  other  freight  loaded  upon  it. 

THE    HEAT.  KADIATED    FROM    THE    SHIP'S    BOILERS    AND    ENGINES. 

Where  the  heating  occurred,  the  temperature  as  well  as  the  degree 
of  damage  in  the  corn  was  not  uniform  in  the  damaged  portions. 
When  the  damaged  corn  was  located  in  that  section  of  the  ship  con- 
tiguous to  the  boiler  and  engine  room  bulkheads,  to  the  propeller- 
shaft  tunnels,  or  in  the  coal-bunker  holds,  as  it  was  in  the  greatest 
number  of  cases,  the  greatest  heat  and  the  most  severe  damage  were 
usually  found  nearest  to  those  bulkheads  and  shaft  tunnels,  and  less 
heat  and  a  less  degree  of  damage  the  farther  the  distance  from  them. 
The  usual  situation  in  such  cases  is  indicated  in  figure  5. 

THE  LENGTH  OF  VOYAGE  AND  ITS  INFLUENCE  ON  CORN. 

The  length  of  voyage  of  grain  steamships  from  Argentina  to  Europe 
averages  about  thirty-five  days,  from  the  American  Atlantic  ports 
about  thirteen  days,  and  from  ports  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  about 
twenty  days. 

The  available  information  and  data  regarding  the  length  of  voy- 
age of  the  cargoes  examined  in  Europe  seem  to  warrant  the  con- 
clusion that  if  corn  when  loaded  into  ships  is  sound  and  dry,  the 
length  of  the  voyage  has  little  or  no  effect  upon  its  condition,  but  when 
it  is  shipped  with  a  high  moisture  content  and  is  stowed  in  such  a 
way  as  to  be  subjected  to  heat  from  the  inside  of  the  ship  or  is  shipped 
during  the  warm  seasons  of  the  year  when  it  is  subjected  to  con- 
siderable heat  from  the  outside  atmosphere,  the  length  of  the  voyage 
is  a  very  important  factor,  especially  if  the  heating  begins  early  in 
the  voyage,  in  which  case  the  heat  is  gradually  diffused  with  each 
succeeding  day  and  a  higher  temperature  is  developed  in  the  corn 
already  heating.  Thus  with  each  succeeding  day  more  of  the  sound 
corn  begins  to  heat  and  the  corn  already  heating  becomes  more 
severely  damaged. 
[Clr.  "■•"'] 


AMERICA*)    BXP0R1    CORN     ( MAIZE )    I ..    EUROPE. 


25 


•B  r  ' 

zsff 


ENGINES  ft  BOiLERS     - 

HBjPy? 

u 

[iir.  65] 


26  AMERICAN    EXPORT   CORN    ( MAIZE )    IN    EUROPE. 

A    DESIRABLE    ARRANGEMENT    IN    GRAIN-CARRYING    SHIPS. 

The  danger  of  grain,  and  especially  corn,  going  out  of  condition 
or  heating  when  Loaded  against  the  unprotected  boiler  acid  engine 
room  bulkheads  and  over  the  unprotected  or  nonventilated  propeller- 
shaft  tunnels  of  grain-carrying  ships  has  led  to  the  construction  in 
many  such  ships  of  second  or  false  bulkheads,  so  placed  as  to  form 
air  spaces  of  from  12  to  18  inches  between  the  bulkheads  of  the  cargo 
holds  and  those  of  the  engine  and  boiler  rooms,  and  the  installation 
of  ventilators  for  the  propeller-shaft  tunnels,  the  air  spaces  formed 
by  the  false  bulkheads  being  also  provided  with  ventilators  extend- 
ing through  the  decks  on  the  port  ami  starboard  sides  of  the  -hip-. 

This  arrangement  tends  to  keep  the  superheated  bulkheads,  with 
which  the  grain  would  otherwise  come  in  contact,  and  the  shaft- 
tunnel  coverings  in  a  reasonably  cool  condition  by  allowing  the  heat 
to  escape.  Ships  arranged  in  this  manner,  and  especially  when  the 
additional  bulkheads  and  the  shaft-tunnel  coverings  are  further 
protected  by  a  plank  sheathing  next  to  the  cargo,  are  very  desirable 
ships  for  carrying  grain  or  any  other  perishable  cargo  that  may  be 
affected  by  high  temperatures.  This  arrangement  is  illustrated  in 
figure  6. 

FORMS    OF    GRAIN    CONTRACTS. 

In  a  general  way.  and  so  far  as  they  affect  the  quality  of  the  grain 
bought  or  sold,  there  are  four  forms  of  contract  upon  which  grain  is 
purchased  in  Europe  from  the  United  States,  as  follows:  (1)  That  it  be 
of  fair  average  quality  of  the  season's  shipments  at  the  time  and  place 
of  shipment;  (2)  that  it  be  equal  to  a  sealed  sample  (agreed  upon:  at 
the  tune  and  place  of  shipment;  (3)  that  an  official  certificate  of  in- 
spection be  final  as  to  quality;  and  (4)  American  rye  terms,  which 
last  form  provides  that  the  seller  shall  guarantee  the  condition  of  the 
grain  on  arrival  in  Europe,  '  "ship  or  sea  "  damage  excepted,  differences 
arising  out  of  the  contract,  if  any.  to  be  arbitrated  in  Europe. 

ADVANTAGES    AND    DISADVANTAGES    OF    CONTRACTS. 

By  far  the  greatest  portion  of  the  export  grain  business  of  the 

Atlantic  and  Gulf  ports  of  the  United  States  is  done  upon  the  basis  of 
the  third  contract  or  "certificate  of  inspection  final"  terms,  because 
the  American  exporter  has  heretofore'  generally  refused  to  sell  grain 
for  export  upon  any  other  terms.  On  the  other  hand,  the  European 
importer  has  found  this  contract  advantageous,  in  that  resales  in 
Europe  to  small  dealers  and  consumers  have  heretofore  been  more 
easily  negotiated  than  was  the  case  with  grain  bought  upon  the  basis 
of  any  of  the  other  contracts. 

ruder  the  terms  of  the  third  contract  the  purchaser  has  no  recourse 
other  than  to  accept    the  American  inspection  certificate  as  repre- 

[  Cir.  55] 


AMERICAS    BXP0B1    CORK    (\l\i/.i)    i\    EUBOPE.  27 

Benting  the  quality  of  grain  purchased  and  to  assume  all  risks  of 
deterioration  in  transit.  Therefore,  the  greater  portion  of  the  corn 
exported  is  purchased  a--  "No.  2  Corn"  and  "Mixed  Corn,"  because 
those  jrades  are  presumed  to  be  of  a  qualitj  thai  maj  be  expected  to 
carrj  in  transit  with  reasonable  safety  from  deterioration.  The  lower 
grades  are  \er\  little  dealt  in,  principally  because  of  the  presumably 
greater  risk  from  deterioration  in  transit. 

The  Bale  of  grain  ii| >> >n  any  of  the  other  contracts  than  thai  of  the 
'  •  inspection  certificate  final"  term-;  places  the  American  exporter  at  a 
disadvantage,  because  l>\  their  terms  all  differences  are  required 
to  be  arbitrated  in  Europe.  They  also  place  the  European  importer 
at  a  disadvantage  because,  first,  he  is  necessarily  obliged  t<>  puree 
at  a  higher  price  to  cover  the  added  risk  assumed  by  the  exporter,  and, 
second,  unless  the  purchase  is  made  for  his  own  use  or  consumption 
it  involves  reselling  in  Europe  al  a  relatively  higher  price  upon  samples 
or  special  representations  as  to  the  quality  <>f  the  grain,  a  process 
which  makes  the  marketing  <>f  the  grain  cumbersome  and  undesirable 

from  the  standpoint   of  grain-trade  practice-. 

nil      Mini     <>i     [JNSATISFACTORl     DELIVERIES    <>i     AMERICAN    GRAIN. 

European  interest  in  the  condition  of  grain,  and  especially  the 
condition  of  corn,  in  the  United  States,  as  well  as  in  the  cargoes  of 
such  grain  arriving  in  Europe,  is  very  keen,  and  t  he  means  of  dissemi- 
nating information  is  good.  Information  to  the  effect  thai  the  corn 
is  in  poor  condition  or  that  one  or  more  cargoes  have  arrived  in 
Europe  in  a  damaged  condition  has  been  known  to  cause  a  consider- 
able apprehension  among  the  importers,  resulting  in  sufficiently 
reduced  bids  to  cover  the  presumably  greater  risk  in  purchasing  and  in 
some  cases  the  avoidance  for  long  periods  at  a  time  by  some  importers 
of  purchases  of  corn  from  the  United  States,  in  favor  of  corn  from 
other  countries  in  which  the  moisture  content  is  generally  nol  30 
high,  their  risk  in  handling  consequently  not  so  great,  and  which  may 
generally  be  purchased  upon  European  terms  or  upon  a  basis  of 
arbitration  in  Europe  of  any  differences  arising  out  of  the  transactions. 

LHERIC  W    (  <>i:n    PRE]  BRRED. 

Generally  the  American  Dent  corn.  "Flat  maize,"  as  it  is  known  in 
Europe,  i-  preferred  to  the  corn  from  most  of  the  other  corn-exporl  ing 
countries,  because  better  results  are  said  to  have  been  obtained  from 
its  use  when  it  is  received  in  good  condition.  This  i-  especially  tine 
with  the  disl  illing  interests,  which  use  large  quantities  of  corn  and  are 
said  frequently  to  pay  large  premiums  for  American  corn  when  it  is 
not  plentiful  on  the  European  market-. 

Prominent  grain  merchants  of  nearly  all  of  the  grain  markets  of 
the  grain-importing  countries  of  Europe  were  questioned  regarding 

[Cir.55] 


28  AMERICAN"    EXPORT    CORN     ( MAIZE )    IN    EUROPE. 

the  relative  prices  that  should  he  obtainable  for  American  corn,  as 
compared  with  the  prices  obtainable  for  corn  from  other  exporting 
countries  under  equal  and  normal  market  conditions,  provided  the 
American  corn  was  delivered  in  Europe  in  equally  good  condition  as 
that  from  other  countries. 

In  Great  Britain  the  consensus  of  opinion  as  expressed  was  that 
American  corn  would  hring  at  least  1  shilling  per  quarter  (equal  to  2.8 
cents  per  bushel)  more,  although  some  merchants  maintained  that  it 
would  be  worth  from  H  to  2  shillings  per  quarter  more:  while  in 
France,  Germany,  and  the  Netherlands  the  invariable  answer  was 
that  American  corn  under  such  conditions  would  command  at  least 
5  percent  higher  prices  than  the  corn  from  Argentina  and  most  other 
corn-exporting  countries. 

LONDON    CORN"    (.MAIZE)    PRICES. 

Observations  from  time  to  time  during  the  past  several  years  of  the 
various  European  market  reports  have  indicated  that  the  prices  quoted 
for  American  corn  upon  those  markets  were  often  lower  and  fluctuated 
at  times  to  a  greater  degree  than  seemed  reasonable  or  than  was  the 
case  with  the  prices  quoted  for  corn  from  most  other  corn-exporting 
countries. 

Table  XI  shows,  in  addition  to  the  average  of  the  monthly  prices 
quoted  for ' '  No.  2  Corn"  at  Chicago  in  cents  per  bushel,  the  average  of 
the  prices  (ex  granary)  for  American  corn,  compared  with  the  average 
of  the  prices  for  corn  from  other  exporting  countries  quoted  "off  stands," 
Mark  Lane,  London,  as  reported  each  Monday  by  the  Mark  Lane  Ex- 
press in  shillings  and  pence  per  quarter  of  480  pounds  of  corn,  for  a 
period  of  six  years,  extending  from  July  1,  1902,  to  June  30,  1908, 
these  quotations  being  reduced  to  equivalents  in  cents  per  bushel. 
The  Chicago  prices  shown  in  the  table  are  based  upon  the  average  of 
the  high  and  low  prices  for  each  month,  and  the  London  prices  arc 
based  upon  the  average  of  the  high  and  low  prices  for  each  week  as 
quoted.  That  is  to  say,  that  the  prices  shown  were  obtained  by  aver- 
aging the  highest  price  and  the  lowest  price  quoted  for  the  period  in 
each  case.  In  the  London  prices  quoted  the  range  for  any  one  week 
in  the  prices  for  the  corn  of  any  individual  country  seldom  exceeded 
1  shilling  per  quarter,  but  the  range  was  more  often  6  pence  to  1  shil- 
ling per  quarter. 

This  method  does  not,  of  course,  give  the  average  prices  obtained 
or  that  were  obtainable  as  considered  from  the  standpoint  of  the  num- 
ber of  bushels  bought  or  sold,  but  so  far  as  data  are  available  it  shows 
the  average  of  values  per  unit  of  measure  for  the  indicated  limited 
periods,  and  the  prices  shown  are  comparable  upon  that  basis  only. 

The  table  is  divided  into  periods  of  three  months,  the  ""lumber  of 
weeks  the  corn  of  the  various  countries  was  quoted  as  being  on  the 

[Clr.  55]  a 


AMERICAN    EXPORT  CORK    I  \l  \l/i  )    in    EUROPE.  "_".» 

markel  at  one  and  the  same  time  duringeach  three-month  period  being 
shown,  together  with  the  average  price  quoted  for  the  corn  of  each 
country  for  each  period.  From  this  table  it  will  be  seen  thai  the  aver- 
age <>f  the  price-  quoted  for  American  ruin  for  301  weeks  of  the  whole 
period  of  six  years  was  66.13  cents  per  bushel;  thai  for  288  weeks  of 
the  whole  period  the  average  <>t'  the  prices  quoted  for  corn  from 
Argentina  was  65.9  cents  per  bushel;  while  for  another  -'v^  weeks  "f 
the  period  the  average  of  the  prices  quoted  for  Russian  corn  «:h 

55  cents  per  bushel. 

American.  Argentine,  and  Russian  corn  were  * 1 1 1< > i < ■* I  as  having  been 
on  the  market  _'7.">  of  the  same  weeks  during  the  whole  period,  and 
the  averages  of  those  quotations  are  as  follow-:  American,  66.16 
cent-:  Argentine,  65.75  cents,  and  Russian,  69.54  cent-  per  bushel, 
respectively. 

Based  upon  the  average  prices  shown  for  each  three-month  period 
and  the  number  of  weeks  the  corn  of  the  ~\  arious  countries  was  quoted 
as  having  been  on  the  market  during  each  of  those  period-.  Ameri- 
can coin  was  quoted  at  an  average  of  8.82  cent-  per  bushel  above  the 
a\  eiaire  <piot  at  ions  for  all  com  on  the  markel  at  the  same  time  during 
the  period  ended  September 30,  1902,  and  2.79  cent-  per  bushel  above 
the  average  of  quotations  for  all  corn  on  the  market  at  the  Bame 
time  during  the  period  ended  December  30,  1902. 

During  the  two  following  periods,  ended  March  31  and  dune  30, 
1903,  the  a\  erages  for  American  corn  were,  respectively  ,3.86  cent-  and 
i  73  cent-  per  bushel  below  the  averages  of  the  quotations  for  all  corn 
on  the  market  at  the  same  time  during  those  periods.  By  referring 
to  the  periods  ended  March  31  and  June  30,  1905,  i1  will  he. -ecu  that 
the  averages  of  the  quotations  for  American  corn  were  below  the  aver- 
ages of  quotations  for  all  corn  for  those  periods,  9.63  cents  and  9.28 
cents  per  bushel,  respectively,  and  during  the  period  ended  March 
31,  1906,  the  average  of  the  quotations  for  American  corn  reached 
1 1.8  cent-  per  bushel  below  (he  aver  ige  of  the  quotations  for  ail  corn 
on  the  market  during  that  period.  Since  duly  1.  1906,  the  prices  a- 
ahown  have  been  more  favorable  t(   the  American  corn. 

Based  upon  the  London  pi  ices  quoted  for  all  corn  on  the  market 
during  the  whole  period  of  six  years,  and  considered  by  the  mi 
of  week-  the  corn  of  each  count  ry  was  quoted  during  the  per'. 

average  of  the  quotations  for  American  corn  was  1. 12  cen  ushel 

below  the  average  of  the  price-  quoted  for  the  corn  oi  all  countries  on 
the  market  for  the  whole  period. 

Based  upon  the  prices  quoted  for  all  corn  on  the  market  for  the 
288  weeks  previously  referred  to  out  ol  a  total  of  301  week-,  the 
prices  quoted  for  Argentine  corn  averaged  1.69  cents  per  bushel  below 
and  for  another  288  weeks  Russian  corn  averaged  2.05  cents  per 
bushel  above  the  averages  of  the  price-  quoted  fo  the  corn  of  all  coun- 
tries for  a  like  number  of  the  same  weeks. 
[Ctr. ."..".) 


30 


AMERICAN  EXPORT  CORN  ( MAIZE )  IN  EUROPE. 


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32  AMERICAN    EXPORT   CORN    (iiAIZB)    IN    EUROPE. 

LONDON    CORN     PHICE8    FOR    FRAGMENTARY    PERIODS. 

Table  XII  is  supplementary  to  Table  XI  and  compares  the  prices 
quoted  at  London  for  American  corn  and  those  quoted  for  corn  of 
other  corn-exporting  countries,  especially  corn  from  Bulgaria,  Turkey, 
India,  and  North  and  South  Africa,  when  the  corn  of  the  latter  coun- 
tries was  on  the  market  for  fragmentary  parts  of  the  periods  shown  in 
the  preceding  table  and  was  therefore  not  comparable  in  that  table. 

The  data  shown  in  this  table  were  derived  from  the  same  sources, 
and  the  results  were  obtained  through  the  same  processes  as  were 
those  in  the  preceding  table.  The  quotations  shown  for  American. 
Argentine,  and  Russian  corn  are  necessarily  duplicated,  but  those  for 
the  other  countries  shown  are  not. 

The  table  shows  the  averages  of  the  quotations  for  a  total  of  69 
weeks,  during  29  weeks  of  winch  the  quotations  for  American  corn 
averaged  above  and  during  40  weeks  of  which  those  for  American 
corn  averaged  below  the  average  of  all  quotations  for  the  respective 
periods,  showing  a  total  average  for  the  whole  period  of  69  weeks  of 
3.07  cents  per  bushel  below  the  average  of  quotations  for  all  corn 
shown. 

Quotations  for  "Cinquantina"  corn  have  been  omitted  from  these 
tables.  This  corn  is  similar  to  the  pop  corns  of  the  United  States,  is 
composed  of  small,  hard,  and  flinty  kernels,  is  very  much  prized, 
especially  in  Great  Britain,  for  feeding  to  poultry  and  pheasants, 
and  usually  brings  much  higher  prices  than  corn  of  the  ordinary 
commercial  classes. 

CORN    PRODUCTION,    EXPORTS    AND    DOMESTIC    VALUES. 

With  regard  to  the  economic  factors  which  influence  corn  prices, 
those  of  supply  and  demand  naturally  occupy  a  prominent  place  and 
in  order  to  enable  the  reader  to  weigh  those  factors  and  without 
attempting  to  draw  elaborate  conclusions  therefrom,  the  following 
diagram  and  tables,  which  deal  with  the  production,  exports,  and 
domestic  values  of  corn,  are  inserted. 

Figure  7  is  a  diagram  showing  the  production  of  corn,  in  10  million 
bushels,  in  the  United  States,  the  exports  of  corn  (including  corn 
meal),  in  1  million  bushels,  from  the  United  States,  and  the  average 
of  the  high  and  low  prices  of  December  "No.  2  Corn"  at  Chicago,  in 
cents  per  bushel,  each  year  for  forty  years,  from  186S  to  1907,  inclu- 
sive. 

The  diagram  shows  the  enormous  general  increase  in  the  produc- 
tion of  corn  in  the  United  States  during  the  past  forty  years,  the 
curves  of  export  following  the  curves  of  production  with  remarkable 
fidelity  up  to  the  year  1S96.  During  the  years  from  1S96  to  1900, 
inclusive,  the  exports  reached  the  highest  points  shown  for  the  whole 

[Ctr.55] 


VMI  RIC  Vs-    EXPOB1    I  "i;.\     (  M  \l/l   )    IN    M   ROP]  . 


period.  From  1901  to  1907,  inclusive,  or  during  the  last  seven  years 
of  the  period,  the  exports  compared  with  the  production  show  a  re- 
markable proportionate  decrease  in  the  foreign  corn  trade. 

The  curves  of  export  compared  with  the  curves  of  price  Bhow  prior 
to  1902,  where  the  exports  of  an\  one  pear  reached  50  million  bushels 
or  more,  that  the  average  Chicago  I  December  price,  on  the  basis  before 
me ni  toned,  w  ;^  Id  cents  per  bushel  >>r  lirlc.w  ,  «  it  h  the  follow  ing'fiicep- 
tions:  During  1X75,50  million  bushels  were  exported  al  13  ceifl 
busnVl;  during  1*70,  7"_M  million  bushels  al   HJ  cents;  during  LWr7,87 


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Fig.  7.    Diagram  showing  the  production  of  corn,  In  10  million  bushels,  In  ti 
of  com  (Including  i  orn  meal),  in  1  minion  bushels,  from 

and  low  prices  of  December  ■■  No.  -  Corn"  al  Chicago,  In  oanta  per  bushel,  e  ich  y.-,ir  (or  !.>rty  j  ears,  from 
-  •  to  1907,  Inclusive. 

million  bushels  al  16  cents;  during  1879, 99$  million  bushels  al  11 J  cents, 
and  during  1891  there  were  exported  76$  million  bushels  al  ('»  cents 
per  bushel.  From  1902  to  1907,  inclusive,  or  during  the  lasl  live  vents 
of  the  period,  the  exports  each  year  have  exceeded  50  million  bushels 
and  the  December  price  has  remained  above  H>  cents  per  bushel. 
The  largesl  quantity  exported  al  the  highesl  December  price  during 
any  one  year  for  the  whole  period  was  during  1905  when  1  19  million 
bushels  were  exported  at  an  average  Chicago  December  price  of  46$ 
cents  per  bushel. 

[Cir.  .V)] 


34 


AMERICAN    EXPORT   CORN    ( MAIZE )    IB    EUROPE. 


CORN    PRODUCTION    IN    EXPORTING    COUNTRIES. 

Table  XIII  shows  the  percentages  of  tiie  world's  corn  crops  pro- 
duced in  the  five  principal  corn-exporting  countries  of  the  world  each 
year  for  a  period  of  ten  years,  from  1898  to  1907,  inclusive.  During 
the  whole  period  these  countries  together  produced  an  average  by 
years  of  83.4  per  cent,  while  the  United  States  alone  produced  an 
average  of  75.18  per  cent  of  the  world's  corn  crops.  Argentina  stands 
next  to  the  United  States  in  the  production  of  corn  and  in  showing  the 
most  substantial  increase  in  the  quantity  produced. 

Table  XIII. — Percentages  of  the  world's  crops  of  corn  produced  in  (hi  fiw  principal  corn- 
exporting  countries  during  the  years  from  1898  to  1907,  incltmvt . 


Country. 

1898. 

1899. 

1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904. 

1905. 

1906. 

1907. 

A  \  erage. 

United  States 

P.ct. 

71.71 
2.09 
1.71 
3.80 
1.42 

P.ct. 

76.  29 

2.42 

1.13 

1.02 

.73 

P.ct. 

75.  37 

2.01 

1.22 

3]  04 

.64 

P.ct. 

64.34 
4.18 
2.87 
4.94 
1.06 

P.ct. 

79.20 

2.63 

1.51 

2.13 

.56 

P.ct. 

73.17 

4.82 

1.63 

2.60 

.75 

P.cl. 

79.35 

5.63 

.83 

.64 

.41 

P.cl. 

78.49 

4.08 

.96 

1.71 

.57 

P.ct. 

75.  32 

5.01 

1.82 

3.  37 

.51 

P.ct. 

78.  55 

2.17 

1.54 

1.74 

.36 

I'(T  CI  lit. 

75.18 
3.50 

European  Russia. . . 

1.52 
2.50 

Bulgaria 

.70 

80.73 

81.59 

82.28 

77.39 

86.03 

82.97 

86.86 

85.81 

86.03 

84.36 

83.40 

PERCENTAGES  OF  CORN  CROPS  EXPORTED  FROM  EXPORTING 

COUNTRIES. 

Table  XIV  shows  the  percentage  of  the  corn  crops  exported  from 
the  five  principal  corn-exporting  countries  of  the  world  each  year  for 
a  period  of  ten  years,  from  1898  to  1907,  inclusive.  From  this  table 
it  will  be  seen  that  an  average,  considered  by  years,  of  more  than  one- 
half  of  the.  corn  produced  in  Argentina  and  more  than  one-half  of 
that  produced  in  European  Russia  was  exported  from  those  coun- 
tries during  the  period;  that  more  than  one-third  of  the  crops  of  Rou- 
mania  and  Bulgaria  was  exported;  while  the  exports  from  the  United 
States  for  the  same  period  amounted  to  only  4.86  per  cent  of  the  pro- 
duction, the  exports  from  the  United  States  showing  a  gradual  reduc- 
tion in  the  percentage  of  the  yearly  exports.  In  considering  this 
table,  however,  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  statistics  relating  to 
the  United  States  are  based  upon  a  year  beginning  July  1,  while  those 
relating  to  the  other  countries  shown  are  based  upon  the  calendar 
year,  and  also  that  the  crops  in  Argentina  ripen  and  are  exported 
practically  six  months  before  those  of  the  other  countries  shown. 

[Cir.  o5] 


\\li  i:i<   \N    EXPOB  I    COBS    (  \i  \i/i  >    IN  1  (7BOP1  , 


35 


Taiu  I     \  I  \        / 
tllllf 


ir> 

/■  ' 

Inll.-.l  -i  iti 
i 
. 
Koun   inl  . 
link-  Ul  1 

' 

r  ■■ 
i  i . 

• 

22  11 

11  01 
18.24 

/■     ■ 
30  16 

l\r  etnt 

1  M 

si  la 

13  ii 

(ports  from  the  United  S  boning  Jul]  I;  from  the  other  oountrV  ilen- 

Ified 

i  in     in  i  i  i;\  \  in  >\  \i     i  RADE    in    CORN. 

Table  XV  Bhows  the  percentages  of  the  total  international  trade  in 
corn  represented  l>\  the  exports  of  the  five  principal  corn-exporting 
countries  each  year  for  a  period  of  eight  years,  from  1901  to  1907,  inclu- 
sive. The  deductions  were  made  from  atableof  exports, which,  to- 
gether with  n  table  of  imports,  is  published  in  the  Yearbook  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  under  the  caption  "International  Trade 
in  Corn  mid  Corn  Meal."  It  is  Dot  claimed  thai  the  figures  given  in 
those  tables  ai  e  exact ,  but  t  hat  the \  represent  su  list  ant  iallv  the  inter- 
nal tonal  corn  i  rade  of  t  he  world. 

On  the  basis  of  this  table  it   will  be  seen  that    for  the  whole  period 

tin1  ii\-'  countries  shown  supplied  an  average  of  92.1  per  cent 
of  the  total  international  trade  in  corn:  that  the  United  States  and 
Argentina  each  BUpplied  an  average  of  more  than  one-third  of  that 
trade.  It  will  also  be  seen  thai  from  1901  to  1905,  inclusive,  the  per- 
centages supplied  by  the  United  States  increased  rapidly  and  that 
since  the  latter  year  those  percentages  decreased  almost  as  rapidly, 
while  the  percentages  supplied  by  Argentina  show  a  rapid  and  sub- 
stantial increase  from  the  beginning  of  the  period. 

Table  XV.     I'h.  percentages  of total  international  trad*  in  corn  represented  by  exports  oj 
ve  princip  n  /'«</  to  r>"7,  mclv 


itry. 

1901. 

United  .-i  i  ■ 

Per  etui.    /'• 

17    18 
37.  l  1 
11.93          l»  M 

I'tr  r.nt.     Prrcrnt.     I'rrcrnt. 

sa  si 

-    '■ 

11  85                             3  11 

l'rr  crnt. 
B    17 

I'rr  crnt. 

.">   II 

l'rr  crnt. 

■ 

1  '  n7 

Bulgaria. . . 

- 

91  ... 

93. 26  i        93. 95 

87.59 

THE    INFLUENCE    OF    POOB    CONDITION    UPON    »<>i:n    PRICES 

The  economic  features  of  the  world's  trade  in  cornras  represented 
in  the  diagram  and  tables  relating  to  the  production,  exports,  and 
international  trade  in  that  grain,  undoubtedly  account  to  a  large  extent 

l  fir.  .V.  | 


36  A  .MEM  CAN    EXPORT    CORN     ( MAIZE )    [M    EUROPE. 

for  the  fluctuations  and  variations  in  European  prices  as  indicated  by 
the  prices  quoted  for  corn  on  the  London  market.  However  this  may 
be,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  one  of  the  important  factors  that  has 
influenced  the  fluctuations  in  the  prices  of  American  corn  and  that 
originated  and  has  fostered  the  strong  prejudice  found  existing 
ftgainst  that  grain,  both  among  importers  and  consumers  in  Europe, 
was  the  poor  and  unsatisfactory  condition  in  which  many  American 
corn  cargoes  have  been  delivered  in  Europe  during  the  past  several 
years. 

A    MARKET   FOR    BETTER   QUALITIES'  OF   GRAIN. 

There  seems  to  be  every  evidence  that  there  is  in  Europe,  and  more 
especially  in  Great  Britain  and  Germany,  a  market  for  the  better 
classes  and  varieties  of  American  grain  in  good  condition  at  higher 
prices.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  wide  range  and  great  varia- 
tions in  the  condition  and  quality  of  the  recognized  best  export 
grades  of  corn  and  wheat  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  ports,  of  which 
under  the  present  grain-trade  practices  there  is  practically  but  one 
grade  for  each  kind  or  class  of  grain  and  into  which  the  greater  bulk  of 
the  grain  exported  from  those  ports  has  been  included,  have  to  a  large 
extent  precluded  the  possibility  of  discrimination  by  the  buyer  in 
favor  of  the  better  classes  and  qualities  of  grain,  because  of  the  fact 
that  practically  all  of.  the  grain  exported  is  sold  and  purchased  upon 
certificates  of  grade,  issued  at  the  time  of  loading  at  the  American 
port  and  upon  which  final  settlement  is  usually  made  before  the  cargo 
reaches  Europe.  This  method  of  doing  business  is  undoubtedly  very 
desirable  from  the  grain-trade  standpoint,  as  it  simplifies  and  facili- 
tates the  handling  of  a  business  of  considerable  proportions,  but  it  is 
also  desirable  that  the  grades  of  grain  upon  which  trades  are  based 
have  a  less  wide  range  in  quality  and  condition  for  the  reason  that 
the  grading  as  at  present  practiced  tends  to  reduce  values  to  a  basis 
of  the  lowest  common  level  for  each  kind  or  class  of  grain. 

With  the  exception  of  a  comparatively  few  of  the  best-posted  im- 
porters, the  European  trade,  and  especialty  the  consuming  trade,  is 
inclined  to  look  at  American  grain  from  a  common  standpoint  and  to 
condemn  all  American  grain  for  iniquities  that  may  be  practiced  in 
the  grading  of  grain  at  any  one  point.  It  is,  therefore,  also  desirable 
that  the  grades  of  grain  for  export,  at  least  in  their  essential  funda- 
mental requirements,  such  as  the  limits  of  moisture,  the  soundness, 
and  the  natural  development  of  the  grain,  should  be  alike  at  all 
points.  Considered  as  a  whole,  the  European  trade  desires  this  in 
order  to  facilitate  business,  and  there  seems  to  be  no  sound  economic 
reason  why  it  should  not  be  so. 
[Cir.  .").")  | 


\\iii:i«  \n  EXPOR1  CORN  (MAIZE)  in  EUROPE.        .'57 
I  in;  OOLOB  LND  U'l'i  IRANCE  "i  CORN, 

As  ;i  general  statement  it  maj  be  — .- 1 i < i  that  with  reaped  to  ili«'  size 
.if  kernel  the  corn  of  most  other  countries  usually  found  upon  the 
markets  of  Europe  is  aboul  two  thirds  tin'  size  of  the  American  corn, 
i-  generalh  round  in  Bhape,  flint}  in  character,  and  does  not  differ 
material!}  in  appearance  from  the  Him  coin  grown  in  some  of  the 
\ru  England  and  Middle  States. 

Hence  the  commercial  designation  of  "  Round  maize."  The  term 
"Flal  maize"  applies  largely  to  American  corn,  although  consider- 
able quantities  of  corn  known  as  ••  1 1 )i i  maize"  are  received  from  Ron- 
mania  and  adjacenl  territory,  but  this  corn  does  nol  differ  materially  . 
in  size  anil  appearance  at  least,  from  the  round  maize.  Some  small 
shipments  of  entirely  while  corn  and  of  entirely  yellow  corn  have  of 
late  been  received  in  Europe  from  South  Africa  which  in  size,  shape, 
and  appearance  I  ally  almost  exactly  with  some  varieties  of  American 
corn. 

The  color  of  the  corn  from  all  countries  except  the  United  Stale-  is 
either  almost  entirely  yellow  or  entirely  white.  Generally  the  coin 
of  the  other  countries  found  on  the  markets  of  Europe  is  yellow  coin 
of  various  shades  and  usually  has  a  bright,  fresh  appearance,  while 
American  corn  is  mostly  mixed,  white,  yellow,  and  other  colors,  and 
because  of  early  shelling,  while  the  coin  contains  bigh  percent  aires  of 
moisture,  and  because  of  much  rough  handling  through  elevators,  etc., 
usually  presents  a  rather  dull  and  comparatively  inferior  appearance. 
When  not  purchased  for  specific  purposes  as  while  corn,  there  i 
marked  preference  in  Europe  for  bright-yellow  com,  and  this  prefer- 
ence undoubtedly  militates  at  times  and  to  some  extent  against  the 
sale  of  American  corn  in  some  European  grain  markets.  It  there- 
fore seems  that  it  would  benefit  the  American  export  corn  trade  if 
more  attention  was  paid  to  the  color  of  the  corn  exported. 

EUROPEAN    COMPLAINTS    CONSERVATIVE. 

During  these  investigations  it  was  found  that  the  European  com- 
plaints of  deliveries  of  American  corn  were  conservative,  at  least  in 
numbers,  as  several  cargoes  were  known  to  have  been  delivered  in 
Europe  in  a  more  or  less  damaged  condition  and  upon  which  cargoes 
no  complaints  were  made  because  of  the  conditions  of  the  contracts 
under  which  the  purchases  were  made  and  the  apparent  uselessness  of 
making  complaints.  The  delivery  abroad  of  corn  and  other  grain 
shipments  in  had  condition,  as  shown,  has  surely  had  a  detrimental 
effect  upon  the  export  grain  trade  of  the  United  States  and  has  |, 
duced  a  condition  which  under  the  present  trade  methods  precludes 
fair  treatment  on  its  merits  of  American  corn  in  Europe,  a  condition 
that  is  not  desirable  at  times  when  the  United  Mates  ha>  considerable 

[fir 


38        AMERICAN  EXPORT  CORN  ( MAIZE )  IN  EUROPE- 

quantities  of  coin  to  sell.  With  a  view  toward  overcoming  as  far 
as  possible  the  undesirable  effects  of  these  conditions  the  following 
recommendations  are  made. 

RECOMMENDATIONS. 

(1)  That  the  moisture  content  of  all  grain  exported  be  kept  as  low- 
as  possible,  in  order  that  high  temperatures,  long  voyages,  and  other 
harmful  conditions  encountered  may  not  cause  it  to  become  heated 
and  damaged  in  transit. 

(2)  That  corn  containing  more  than  13£  per  cent  of  moisture  and 
wheat  containing  more  than  12  per  cent  of  moisture,  at  the  time  of 
loading,  be  not  stowed  in  ships  against  or  near  unprotected  boiler  and 
engine  room  bulkheads,  unprotected  propeller-shaft  tunnel  coverings, 
or  in  the  coal-bunker  holds  of  ships." 

(3)  That  partially  artificially  dried  corn  which  before  drying  con- 
tained high  percentages  of  moisture  or  which  had  been  in  a  heating 
condition  before  being  partially  dried  be  not  shipped  for  export.6 

(4)  That  corn  that  has  been  partially  or  wholly  artificially  dried 
and  that  has  been  mixed  with  corn  not  dried  that  contains  high 
percentages  of  moisture  be  not  shipped  for  export/ 

(n)  That  all  corn  shipped  for  export  be  made  as  clean  as  possible 
and  that  care  be  taken  to  distribute  evenly  through  each  hold  broken 
particles  of  corn,  dirt,  and  foreign  matter  not  removable  from  the 
grain,  which  usually  collect  under  the  hatches  of  the  ships  during  the 
process  of  loading. 

(6)  That  grain  for  export  be  not  loaded  into  ships  when  it  is  raining 
and  that  care  be  exercised  not  to  admit  water  in  any  manner  into  the 
holds  where  grain  is  stowed. 

(7)  That  all  shifting  boards  and  all  dunnage  of  every  description 
placed  in  holds  where  grain  is  stowed  be  dry. 

"  The  investigations  of  the  Office  of  Grain  Standardization  into  the  subject  of  air- 
dry  grain  have  not  been  completed,  but  sufficient  is  known  from  observations  made 
during  three  years'  work  to  enable  it  to  be  said  that  thoroughly  air-dried  corn  contains 
about  12  per  cent  of  moisture  and  that  corn  considered  commercially  dry  contains 
about  14  per  cent  of  moisture. 

Tests  made  with  wheat  considered  commercially  dry  ranged  from  9  per  cent  of 
moisture  in  wheat  from  the  Pacific  coast  to  from  12  to  13  per  cent  of  moisture  in  that 
from  the  East  and  Middle  West.  Indications  are  that  the  air-dry  basis  of  other  grains 
will  be  found  slightly  lower  than  that  of  corn. 

6  Observations  of  such  corn  in  storage  and  in  transit  have  indicated  that  it  was 
strongly  inclined  to  heat  very  quickly,  especially  in  ocean  transit.  Such  corn  should 
be  thoroughly  dried  and  thoroughly  cooled  after  drying. 

c  As  in  the  case  of  the  corn  referred  to  in  the  above  footnote,  such  corn  also  showed  a 
strong  tendency  to  heat  quickly  in  ocean  transit.     No  attempt  will  be  made  to  explain 
these  phenomena  until  these  investigations  have  been  completed. 
[l Mr.  55] 


wiikm w    BXP0B1    OOBS    (mai/.i.)    in    BUBOPE.  89 

-     Thai  lu-:i\  \  freight,  and  especiall]  damp  cotton  or  wel  lumber, 
In  not  Btowed  in  the  holds  <>f  the  ships  upon  t ln>  t<>|>  <>(  grain  for 

l'\|X>l't  . 

(9)  Thai  grain  for  export  be  not  loaded  into  ships  at  anj  consider- 
able time  before  they  are  ready  to  leave  pun. 

(10)  That  all  grain-carrying  ships  In*  provided  with  additional  or 
■  false"  bulkheads  in  such  manner  as  to  provide  airspaces  of  from  12 
to  Is  inches  next  to  and  between  the  boiler  and  engine  room  bulk- 
heads and  those  of  the  cargo  holds;  that  these  false  bulkheads  and  all 
metal  Bhafl  tunnel  coverings  be  reenforced  with  plank  Bheathing  nex1 
to  tin1  cargo  and  that  the  air  spaces  thus  formed  between  the  bulk- 
heads, as  well  as  the  propeller-shafl  tunnels,  be  connected  with  venti- 
lators, a~-  shovi  d  in  figure  ti. 

ill1  That  when  export  ing  wheal  which  contains  considerable  quan- 
tities of  wild  garlic  the  advisablity  of  artificially  drying  and  cleaning 
the  wheat  in  order  to  remove  the  garlic  be  considered." 

(12)  That  the  commercial  grades  of  corn  for  export  be  recast  and 
the  grading  be  done  in  such  manner  that  the  corn  may  he  bought  and 
Bold  upon  the  basis  of  its  dry-matter  content,  considered  together 
with  its  apparent  quality,  and  that  12  per  cent  of  moisture  he  con- 
sidered as  a  commercial  basis  from  which  to  figure  corn  value-. 

THE  RELATIVE  WORTH  OF   GRAIN   ON  A  DRY-MATTER   BASIS. 

Table  XVI  is  here  inserted  as  a  guide  to  a  better  understanding 
of  the  relative  values  of  commercial  corn  upon  a  dry-matter  basis. 
This  table  shows  the  comparative  values  of  the  dry-matter  content 
of  grain  containing  from  12  to  25  percent  of  moisture,  inclusive,  and 
at  prices  ranging  from  10  cents  to  $1  per  unit  of  measure,  that  is.  per 
bushel  hundredweight,  etc.  The  comparative  values  as  shown  in  this 
table,  a-  w.ll  as  the  principle  upon  which  they  are  based,  will  apply 
equally  well  to  all  grains,  although  the  air-dry  basis  of  other  grains 
is  likely  to  be  found  slightly  lower  in  moisture  than  that  of  corn. 

MOW     TO    USX    'NIK    DBY-MATTEB     BASIS. 

Through  the  use  of  this  table  the  relative  value  of  the  dry-matter 
content  of  j^rain  containing  various  quantities  of  moisture  may  he 
quickly  ascertained.  Thus,  if  grain  containing  12  per  cent  of  moisture 
is  worth  40  cents  per  bushel  (or  other  unit  of  measure)  then  grain 
containing  22  per  cent  of  moisture  is  worth  35.45  cents,  and  grain 
containing  25  per  cent  of  moisture  i>  worth  34.09  cents  on  the  same 
basis,  because  corn  containing  12  per  cent  of  moisture  at   10  cents 

■  Bulletin  loo.  pt,  :?.  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  V .  8.  Dept.  <>f  Agriculture,  gives 

details  and  result.-;  o!  experiment.-  in   artificially  drying  wheat   in  order  to   remove 
garlic. 

[Or.  .".:>] 


40 


AMERICAN   EXPORT   CORN    ( MAIZE )    IN    EUROPE. 


Table  XVI /' — The  relative  worth  of  grain  on  a  dry-malter  basis,  shotting  the  price  per 
unit  of  measure  from  40  cents  to  fl  and  the  difference  in  mine  for  each  i  -per  cent  of 
moisture  from  l '.  to  25  per  cent. 


« 

Muisture  content  and  relative  worth  per  unit  of  measure. 

Worlh 
of  each 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

26 

1  per 

ccnl  dry 

Cents. 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

per 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

(fill. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

Ct  ills. 

ris. 

a*. 

Cls. 

Cls. 

ct». 

Cls. 

Cls. 

Cts. 

Cls. 

CU. 

Ct3. 

cu. 

40.  00 

39.  54 

39.09 

38.  is 

37.  72 

37  27 

30.81 

30.  30 

35.01 

35.45 

35.00 

34.54 

34.  09 

0.4545+ 

41.00 

40.  53 

10  n7 

39.  00 

39.  14 

38  67 

38.  20 

37.  71 

37.  27 

30.  81 

36.  34 

35.87 

36.  41 

34.94 

.  4059+ 

42.  00 

41.53 

41.05 

40.57 

40.00 

39.  1 4 

38.  18 

37.71 

37.  23 

30.  75 

30.  27 

.4773- 

43. 00 

42.51 

42.  02 

41.53 

41.04 

40.55 

40.07 

39.58 

39.09 

38.00 

38.11 

37.  13 

44.00 

13.50 

43.  00 

42. 50 

42.00 

41.50 

41.00 

40.50 

40.00 

39.50 

39.00 

38.  50 

38.00 

37. 50 

.5000 

45.00 

44.4!) 

43.  98 

43.47 

42.96 

42.  45 

41.93 

41.42 

40.91 

40.40 

39.89 

39.  38 

.5114- 

46.00 

45.47 

44.  95 

44.  43 

43.91 

43.38 

42.  so 

42.  34 

41.82 

41.29 

40.  77 

40.  2.5 

39.  73 

30.  20 

.5227  + 

47.1)0 

46.47 

45. 93 

45.  40 

44.86 

44.  33 

43.  si) 

43.  20 

42.  73 

42.  10 

41.00 

41.  13 

40.59 

40.IK 

.5341- 

18.00 

47.40 

40.91 

40.  37 

45,  82 

45.28 

44.  73 

44.19 

43.  04 

43.  00 

42.55 

42.  (X) 

41.40 

40.91 

.5455- 

19.00 

48.  44 

47.  88 

47.33 

40.77 

40.21 

45.00 

45.  10 

44.54 

43.00 

43.  43 

42.  s7 

42.  32 

41.70 

50.00 

49.  43 

48.  S7 

48. 30 

47.  73 

47.10 

40. 59 

40.02 

45.41 

44.89 

44.32 

43.  75 

43.  is 

12.62 

.  5082- 

51.00 

50.  42 

49.  84 

49.26 

48.  08 

48.  10 

47.52 

40.04 

40.  30 

45.  7  s 

45.20 

44.  02 

44.04 

4:'..  46 

.5795  + 

52.00 

51.41 

50.82 

50.  23 

49.  (14 

49.  04 

48.  45 

47.  so 

47.  27 

40.09 

45.. '..I 

44.91 

44. 32 

.5909+ 

53.00 

52.40 

51.80 

51.20 

50.  59 

49.99 

49. 39 

48.79 

4s    is 

47.58 

40.  98 

46.38 

45.  77 

45.  17 

.6023- 

54.00 

52.77 

52.  10 

51.54 

50.03 

50.32 

49.  70 

40.  00 

48.  17 

47.  80 

47.  25 

40.  03 

40.02 

.0130+ 

55.00 

54.38 

53.  75 

53.  13 

52.50 

51    ss 

51.25 

50.  03 

50.00 

49.38 

48.  75 

48.13 

47.50 

16.88 

56.00 

55.37 

54.73 

54.00 

53.  to 

52.  82 

52.  is 

61.55 

50.91 

50.28 

49.  04 

49.  (X) 

48.  37 
49.23 

47.  73 

.  0304- 

57.  00 

55.  70 

55.  05 

54.41 

53.76 

■53.  11 

52  4o 

51.82 

51.  17 

50.  52 

49.87 

48.58 

.0477  + 

58.00 

57.34 

56.68 

56.  02 

55.30 

54.71 

54.  05 

53.  39 

52.  73 

52.  07 

51.41 

50.75 

50. 09 

49.  43 

.6691- 

59.00 

58.  33 

57.00 

50.90 

50.  32 

55.  0.5 

54.98 

54.31 

53.  04 

52.  07 

52. 30 

51.03 

50.96 

50.29 

.  0705- 

60. 00 

59.32 

58.63 

57.95 

57.  27 

50.  59 

55.91 

55.  23 

54.54 

53.80 

53.  18 

52. 50 

51.82 

51.14 

.  6818+ 

61.00 

60.  31 

50.  02 

58.  92 

58.  23 

57.54 

50.  84 

50.  15 

55.  40 

54.70 

54.  07 

53.  3s 

52  68 

51.99 

62.00 

61.29 

60.59 

59.80 

59.  is 

58.47 

57.77 

57.06 

50.  30 

55.  1.0 

54.95 

54.  25 

53.  54 

.7045+ 

63.00 

62.28 

61.57 

60. 85 

00.  14 

59.  42 

58.  70 

57.  99 

57.  27 

Sfi  56 

55  84 

55.  12 

54.41 

53.69 

.7159+ 

C4.00 

63.28 

62.55 

01.82 

ol.oo 

60.37 

59.04 

58.91 

58. 18 

57.  II 

50.  73 

50.00 

55.  27 

54.55 

.  7273- 

05.011 

04.  20 

63. 52 

02.  78 

62.04 

01.30 

60. 57 

59.83 

59.09 

58.35 

57.  01 

50.  87 

50.  13 

00.00 

65  25 

04.  50 

03.  75 

63.  oo 

02.25 

01.50 

00.75 

00.  00 

59.  25 

58.  50 

57.  75 

57.  (X) 

50.  25 

07.00 

00.24 

65.  4s 

04.  72 

03.00 

63.  20 

02.  43 

61.  07 

60.91 

60.  15 

59.  39 

it 

57.11 

68.00 

07.22 

66.  45 

65.68 

(.4.01 

04.  13 

63.36 

02.  59 

61.82 

01.04 

00.27 

59.50 

.7727+ 

69.00 

68.  22 

07.  43 

66.65 

65. 86 

65.08 

04.  30 

63.51 

62.  73 

01.04 

01.10 

00.38 

59.59 

58.81 

.7841- 

70.  00 

69.21 

OS.  41 

07.  62 

66.82 

66. 03 

65.23 

04.  44 

03.  04 

i2.  si 

02.05 

71.00 

70.  19 

69.38 

68.58 

07.77 

66.96 

66.  n 

0.5.35 

04.54 

63.  74 

02.  03 

02.  12 

01.32 

60.61 

72.00 

71. IS 

70.  37 

69. 55 

os.  73 

07.91 

07.00 

66. 27 

65. 10 

04.04 

63.  82 

03.(10 

02.  is 

01.37 

.8182 

7.'!.  00 

72.  17 

71.34 

70.51 

00.  OS 

OS.  85 

OS.  02 

07.  19 

00.  30 

65.  53 

01.70 

63.87 

63.  04 

62.  21 

.8295+ 

74.00 

73.  16 

72.32 

71.48 

70.  04 

69. 70 

OS,  !  15 

OS.  11 

07.27 

00.43 

05.59 

64.75 

63.91 

<a.  07 

75.00 

74.  15 

73.30 

72.  45 

71.59 

70.  74 

09. 89 

09.04 

08.18 

07.  33 

oo.  48 

05. (13 

i.l  77 

63.  92 

7t;.i)ii 

75. 13 

74.27 

73.41 

72.  54 

71.68 

70.  82 

09.  95 

09.09 

68  22 

00.50 

65.63 

04,77 

77.00 

70. 13 

75.  25 

74.38 

73.  50 

72.  03 

71.75 

70.88 

70.00 

00.  13 

68  25 

00. 50 

65.63 

7s.  00 

77.  12 

76.23 

75.34 

74.40 

73.  57 

72.68 

71.80 

70.91 

70.  03 

09.  14 

68.25 

07.  37 

1,.,  4- 

79.00 

78.10 

77.20 

70.  30 

75.41 

74.51 

73.  01 

72.71 

71.82 

70.02 

70.  02 

09.  12 

67.33 

.8977+ 

80.00   79  09 

78.18 

77.  27 

76.31 

75.  40 

74.55 

73.  04 

72.  73 

71.82 

70.91 

70.00 

09.  09 

08. 18 

.9091- 

81.00   so.  os 

79. 16 

78.24 

77,  32 

70.40 

75.  4 s 

74.50 

73.  04 

72.  72 

71. so 

7n  ss 

09.  90 

69.04 

.9205- 

82.00   si.  07 

80.13 

79.20 

78.  27 

77.34 

70.41 

75.  48 

74.54 

73.  01 

72. 08 

71.75 

70, -J 

gg  jg 

.  9318+ 

83.00  82.06 

81.  12 

80. 17 

70.  2: 

78.29 

77.  34 

70.40 

75.40 

74.51 

73.57 

72.63 

71. OS 

70.74 

.9432- 

SI.  01 

83. 04 

82.09 

81. 13 

80.  18 

70.  22 

78.27 

77.31 

70.31 

75.41 

74.  45 

73.50 

72.54 

71.59 

.9545+     | 

85.00 

84.03 

S3.  07 

82. 10 

81.14 

so.  17 

79.20 

78.  24 

77.27 

70. 31 

75.  34 

74.37 

7.3.41 

72.  44 

.9059+ 

86.00 

85.03 

84.  05 

83.07 

-J     H< 

81.  12 

80.14    79.  11 

78.18 

77.21 

70.  23 

75.25 

74.  27 

73.  30 

.  9773-     1 

87.0( 

so.  01 

85.02 

84.03 

83.04 

si.  05 

81.07    80  os 

79.09 

7s.  Hi 

77.11 

76.  12 

75.  13 

74.  15 

.  9880+ 

ss.  1)0   87.01 

86.00 

85.01 

S4.0I 

83.00 

82.  (K)    81.  (X) 

80.00 

79.00 

78.00 

77.  (XI 

70.1X1 

75.  (XI 

1.0000 

SO.  01 

B7.99 

80.  9S 

85.97 

84  9f 

83.95 

82.93   81.92 

80.91 

79.90 

78.89 

77.--- 

7o.s7 

75    S] 

1.0114- 

oo.  on 

8S.97 

87.95 

86.93 

85.91 

si  88 

83  36   82  st 

81.82 

80  79 

79.77 

7  s  75 

77.73 

70.70 

1.0227+ 

91.01 

89. 07 

88.93 

s7.  01 

84.80  s3.7i 

82.  73 

81.89 

79.  03 

7s.  :.o 

1.0341 

92. 0( 

90. 90 

89.91 

ss.  87 

87.82 

si  i.7s 

85.73   B4.6) 

B3  64 

82.59 

7S  41 

1.0455- 

93.01 

91.94 

Oil.  ss 

so.  s: 

ss.  77 

87.71 

86  66  85.61 

84.  54 

82.43 

81.  37 

80.  32 

1. 0568+ 

94.00 

92. 93 

91.87 

90.81 

89. 73 

B8.66 

87.59  86.52 

85. 4( 

83.  32 

82. 25 

si     is 

80.  12 

95  hi 

93.92 

92.84 

91.71 

90.68   89  60 

88.52  87.44 

86  31 

85.  28 

- 

82. 04 

SO.  96 

1.0795  + 

96.  oi 

94.91 

93.82 

92.7 

91.04   90.54 

so.45   88. 31 

87.  27 

80.  is 

85.09 

S4.00 

82. 01 

1.0909+ 

'17.01 

05.01 

94.  si 

03.  71 

92  59   91.49 

90.39   89  -' 

Ss     is 

87.  OS 

85.9s 

84.88 

si.  77 

82.67  1.1023- 

OS.  OI 

96.  sv 

ol.oo  93  54   92.  13 

91.32  90.20 

S7.07 

86.81 

85.  75 

- 

1.  1130+ 

99.  oi 

97.88 

96.75 

94.50  93.38 

02.25    91.13 

90.00 

87.  75 

' 

85.50    - 

1.1250 

100.  oc 

Os.  s7 

90.59 

95.  to   94.32 

93.  IS   92.05 

90.91 

so.  7  s 

87.  50 

80.37    S5.23  1.1364- 

[Cir.  7-5] 


LMEBICAN    IAI'oki    COBB    (MAIZE)    in    BUBOPB.  11 

per  bushel  contains  ns  per  cent  of  dr\  matter,  ami  each  i  per  cenl  <>l 
dry  matter  is  therefore  worth  fa  of  10  cents,  whioh  equals  .4545 H  <»f 
l  (tuI;  corn  containing  22  per  cenl  of  moisture  which  contains  but 
per  cenl  of  tin  matter  would,  on  the  same  basis,  be  worth  7*x 
.4545  of  I  cent,  or  35.45  cents,  per  bushel,  and  corn  containing  25 
per  cenl  of  moisture  and  75  per  cenl  of  dry  matter  would  be  worth 
i ;,  1 5  of  1  cent,  or  34.09  cents,  per  bushel  on  a  -li>  matter 
basis.  The  worth  of  each  l  per  cenl  of  <lr\  matter  for  each  price 
per  unit  of  measure  given  is  shown  in  the  column  al  the  right  of  the 
table. 

The  table  may  be  used  either  way  to  ascertain  these  relative  values. 
\  for  instance,  if  a  maximum  of  16  per  cenl  of  moisture  is  allowed 
in  ••  No.  2  Corn"  and  thai  grade  of  corn  is  worth  70.64  cents  pel 
bushel,  then  corn  of  the  same  grade  containing  only  12  per  cenl  of 
moisture  would  be  worth  7  1  cents  per  bushel, while  corn  containing 
22  per  cent  of  moisture  would  be  worth  bul  65.59  cents  per  bushel  on 
;i  dry-matter  basis. 

nil      RATIO    Ol      Mil      MOI8TUBE    CONTEN1      l'>    TUB    DETERIORATION    <»l 

QB  \l\. 

li  will  be  noted  in  the  table  thai  no  account  is  taken  of  the  accel- 
erated risk  from  deterioration  in  grain  as  it-  moisture  content  is 
increased,  nor  the  consequent  reduction  in  value  of  the  grain  for  stor- 
age and  transportation  purposes."  It  will  also  be  noted  that  the 
difference  in  value  per  each  I  per  cent  of  dry  matter  increases  in 
direct  proportion  to  the  increase  in  the  price,  so  that  as  the  prices 
of  grain  increase  the  differences  in  value  per  each  I  per  cent  of  dry 
matter  or  of  moisture  become  of  more  material  importance  to  the 
producer  and  consumer  of  grain.  These  greater  differences  in  actual 
value  in  the  higher  priced  grain  are  sufficient  to  reimburse  the  pro- 
ducer or  seller  for  the  cost  of  reducing  the  moisture  content  of  the 
grain  and  to  enable  the  consumer  to  purchase  it   at   the  increased 

it,  provided  the  grain  is  bought  and  sold  on  a  basis  of  it-  dry- 
matter  content. 

SUGGESTIONS    RELATIVE    I  <>   GRADING    CORN. 

The  results  o(  these  investigations  so  far  as  they  have  progressed, 

indicate  that  commercial  corn,  in  order  to  fix  it-  intrinsic  worth  as 
nearly  as  possible  by  grades,  should  be  divided  into  at  least  two 
classes:  (1)  To  include  only  well-matured  and  well-developed  corn 
containing  not    more  than  2\   per  cent    of   held   <>r  mold  damaged 

"It  i>  confidently  hoped  thai  the  investigations  now  befng  <  .i  rri«-<l  mi   by  the 
Office  of  Grain  Standardisation  will  threw  some  liu'ln  upon  the  ratio  of  increased  ri-k 
to  increased  moisture  in  commercial  grains  for  *t<>r.n;<'  and  transportation  p«ir| ■ 
[Cir.fiS] 


42  AMERICAN   EXPORT   CORN    ( MAIZE )    IN    EUROPE. 

kernels,  and  (2)  to  include  the  ordinary  sorts  of  commercial  corn 
containing  not  more  than  5  to  6  per  cent  of  field-damaged  kernels 
(commercial  basis,  heat-damaged  or  "mahogany"  kernels  excluded)," 
regardless  of  the  moisture  content  of  the  corn,  that  each  of  the 
suggested  classes  be  subdivided  into  grades  based  upon  the  mois- 
ture content  of  the  corn,  that  no  one  grade  should  contain  a  greater 
range  than  2  per  cent  of  moisture,6  and  that  no  corn  should  be 
graded,  shipped  long  distances,  put  into  storage,  or  exported  on 
grades  unless  it  be  commercially  clean  and  free  from  indications  of 
fermentation. 

The  necessity  for  some  arrangement  of  this  kind  in  the  grading  of 
corn  and  for  more  care  in  the  methods  of  handling  corn  becomes  more 
apparent  as  the  prices  and  values  of  grain  continue  to  increase,  and 
as  they  continue  to  increase  the  advisability  of  still  narrower  limits 
of  moisture  within  the  grades  will  become  more  apparent. 

Approved : 

James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

Washington,  D.  C,  February  8,  1910. 

a  The  analyses  of  samples  taken  from  various  cargoes  of  corn,  representing  approxi- 
mately A\  million  bushels  of  all  grades  exported  from  the  United  States  during  No- 
vember and  December,  1908,  and  February,  March,  April,  and  October,  1909,  showed 
a  maximum  of  10.2  per  cent  (December,  1908),  a  minimum  of  2  per  cent,  and  an  aver- 
age of  about  2.5  per  cent  of  field  and  mold  damaged  kernels.  The  maximum  of  10.2 
per  cent  was  unusual  and  undesirable.  It  is  the  opinion  of  the  writers  that  corn 
containing  more  than  5  to  6  per  cent  of  such  damaged  kernels  and  also  corn  containing 
heat-damaged  or  "mahogany"  kernels,  should  be  bought  and  sold  "on  samples"  or 
on  special  grades.  . 

ft  Bulletin  99,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  describes  the 
Brown  and  Duvel  apparatus  for  and  method  of  making  moisture  determinations  in 
grain  quickly.     The  apparatus  has  been  recommended  by  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture and  is  extensively  used  in  the  grain  trade  for  the  purpose. 
[Cir.  55] 

o 


UNIVERSITY 


IDA 


3  1262  08928  9911 


